???????????? ??????????? ? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????????????? (?????) ????????? ?????????????? ???????? (???) ?. ?. ????? ??? ? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? 2016 ??? 681.3 ??? 32.973 ? 958 ?. ?. ??????????, ????. ???. ????, ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????; ?. ?. ???????, ????. ???.-???. ????, ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ????????????? ?? ??? ????? ?. ?. ?958 ??? ? ???????????? ?????????? : ????. ??????? / ?. ?. ?????. ? ????? : ???, ?????, 2016. ? 113 ?. ? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????????, ??? ? ??? ???????????? ??????????, ? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ????. ????????? ???????? ? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????, ??????? ?? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ??????????. ???????? ??????????, ???????? ?????????? ? ???????????????? ????????? ??????. ??????? ????????? ??????????, ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ? ??????????. ??? ????????? ?????, ??????????? ?? ??????????? Ф??????????? ? ?????????????? ???????╗. Е ????? ?. ?., 2016 Е ??????????. ???, ?????, 2016 3 ?????????? ???????? ............................................................................................................ 4 1 ???????? ???????, ????????????? ? ????????? ??? ....................... 6 1.1 ???????? ???????????. ??????? ? ????????? ??? .......................... 6 1.2 ????????????? ??? .............................................................................. 9 1.3 ????????? ? ??????? ???????? ???.................................................. 15 1.4 ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ........................... 18 1.5 ????????? ????................................................................................... 26 1.6 ??????????? ??? ................................................................................. 32 1.7 ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? .............................................. 35 2 ???????????? ?????????? ...................................................................... 40 2.1 ?????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ....................................................... 40 2.2 ???????? ?????? ?????????? ............................................................. 40 2.3 ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ........................................ 45 2.4 ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ...................................................... 49 2.5 ????????????? ?????????? .................................................................. 51 2.6 ????-?????????? .................................................................................. 52 3 ???????????? ??????????....................................................................... 57 3.1 ???????????? ?????????? ? ?? ????????? ....................................... 57 3.2 ?????????? ??????????. ???? ?????????? ??? ? ?????? ............... 62 3.3 ??????????? ????????? (????????, ?????) ...................................... 64 3.4 ??????? ??????????? (?????) ............................................................ 66 3.5 ???????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ......................................... 70 3.6 ??????????????? .................................................................................. 76 3.7 ???? ???????.......................................................................................... 83 4 ??????????? ???????????? ??? ???? .................................................. 94 4.1 ??????? ................................................................................................... 94 4.2 ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ............................ 98 4.3 ???????????????? 3D-???????......................................................... 103 ?????????? ................................................................................................... 109 ??????????.................................................................................................... 110 ????????? ...................................................................................................... 112 4 ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????, ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????. ??? ???? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????????? ? ???????????? ?????????, ?????? ????????????? ?? ????? ????????? ? ????????. ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ??? ??????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????????????????? ???????????, ????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????. ??? ???????? Ф?????????? ???????????╗, ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? [13]. ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????????, ??? ? ??? ???????????? ??????????, ? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ????. ??????????, ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ??? ??????????? ???????? Ф????????!╗. ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????, ????????? ??????? ?? ???. ????? ????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????, ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии иииииииииииииииииииииииии ?????? и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????. ????? ????? ???????? ?????, ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии 5 иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии 6 1 ???????? ???????, ????????????? ? ????????? ??? 1.1 ???????? ???????????. ??????? ? ????????? ??? иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ????????? ? ??? ??????????, ??????????????? ??? ????????? ? ?????????????? ??????????. ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? (???), ???????? ?????????????? ??????? (???) ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? (????) [1]. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ???????, ??? ???????, ????????? ? ?????????????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? [2], ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????????? ??????? [3], ???????? ?? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ???? 15971?90 [4]. ??? ????, ???????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ? ????????????? ?????????, ????????? Ф????????????╗ ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?/??? ??????????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ?????????????? ?????? (??, Computer) ? ???????????? ??????????? ???????, ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????. ??? ???????, ? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? (??) [4]. ??????????-?????????????? ?????? (???, Electronic Computer) ? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????????, ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????????, ???????????? ?????????, ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????, ??????????????? ? ??????????? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????????, ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????, ?????????? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ???????????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????????? (???????? ISO 2382/1?93). иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии 7 ? ?? ?? ????? ???? 15971?90 ?????????? ??? ??? ?????????????? ??????, ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ???????????. ???????, ??? ??????? Ф???╗ ? Ф?????????╗ ???????? ??????????, ??????? ????? ????? ???????????? ? ??? ? ??????, ? ??????????? ?? ?????????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? (??) ? ???????????? ??????????? (??), ??????????????? ??? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ????????. ? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???, ?????????? ?????????? ??? ? ?????????, ?????????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ?????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????, ??? ??????????????? ??????????? ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), ???? ??????? ? ?????????????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ?. ????? ? ?. ??????? ? 1945 ?. ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ? ?????? 1940-? ??. ??. ?????????? ? ?. ????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ABC ? ??????????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? Colossus, ????????? ??? ???????????? ?. ???????. ? 1951 ?. ??? ???????????? ?. ?. ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? (????), ? ? ?????? 1953 ?. ? ??????? (????), ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ? 8 000 ????????/?. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ? ???????????? ???? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????????? [1]. ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?????, ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????????, ?????????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????. ? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????. ?????????? ??????-??????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????, ??? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ? ??????????????? ??????????, ?? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ?????????. ? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????: ???????, ?????, ?????. ? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? Ф????╗, Ф?????-22╗, Ф?????-32╗, ????-2 ? ??. 8 ???????????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ? ????????? ?? ????????. ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????, ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????, ? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????????????. ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????. ?????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? IBM/360 (370) ? ?? ???, ? ?????????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? Ф????????? ???╗. ? ?????????? ? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????, ??????????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??????????. ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???? (???) ? ???????????? ???????????? ???? (????) ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????????????? ?????????. ? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ??????? ?????? (RISC). ? 1980-? ??. ????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ? Ф?????????? ???╗ ? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????????? [1]. ? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ? ????? ??? ? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? (?? ?? ?? ????) (???. 1.1) [5]. ??????? ????????? ???? ???????????, ????????? ??????? ? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????. ? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ????, ???????, ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????, ? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????. ? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????????, ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ? ???????? ?????????? ? ??? ?????????????? ?????. ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????????, ??????????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????? (????????, ???????????? ??????????? ? ?????), ??????????? (?. ?. ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????????) ? ????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????? (????????, ?????? ? ?????????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????????). ??? ??????? ???, ??? ??????? ????????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???, ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????. 9 ????????? ????-??? ????-??? (?-700, ??-2, ??-4) ????-??? ??-200 ???. 1.1 ? ????????? ????????? ????????? ? ????? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ???? [5] 1.2 ????????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??? (???. 1.2), ???????????? ?????????? ???? 15971?90. ? ???? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????: ?????????????? ???????????, ??????????, ?????????? ???????, ??? ????????, ????????? ????????????. ???? ??? ????????????? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????, ?? ? ???????????? ? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? [2. C. 10; 6]: 1. ?????-???. 2. ??????????. 3. ???????. 10 4. ?????????? ??? (???????????? ??? ? ??????? ???????). 5. ??????????? (?????????) ???. 6. ???????????? ???????. ??? ?????-??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ????-??? ?????????????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????-??? ???????? ??? ???. 1.2 ? ????????????? ??? ?? ???? 15971?90 ??????? ????????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???. 1. ?????-??? (?????????????) иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ?????-??? (??????????????) ? ???, ??????????? ? ?????? ??, ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????????????, ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????, ? ? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????????????? ????? (???? 15971?90). иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ?????????????? ? ??? ??? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ????????????, ??????????? ????????????? ?? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????. ????????????? ???????? ?????-???: ? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????????, ?????????????, ??? ?? ???????????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????, ????? ??????? ?, ????????, ????? ???????, ??? ???????? ??????????; ? ????????????? ?? ??????????, ?? ????????, ??????? ?? ???????, ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ? ????????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????. 11 2. ????????? иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ????????? ? ??? ?????????, ?????? ? ???????????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ? ???????? ? ? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????????, ?????? ???, ??? ??? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ??????? [7]. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ????????? ? ??????? ??????? Ф??????? ????????????? ???╗. ????? Ф?????????╗ ????????? ? 70?80-? ??. XX ?., ????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????????: ????????, ?????????, ???????????? ???????????? ? ?. ?. ??????????? ??? ?????, ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? (???????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ????????? IBM, Hitachi, Amdahl), ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????. ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ????????????? ? ????????? ??????. ?????? ? ???????? Ф?????????╗ (main frame ? ??????? ??????); ??? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ???????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ? ????? ?????????? (???. 1.3). ???. 1.3 ? ????????? ????????? ?????? 1980-? ??. ? ??? ??-1052 (??????????????? ?????, ?. ??????) ?????????? ?? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? (?? ?????? ?????-???) ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????, ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ????????????. 12 3. ??????? (????? Ф??????╗ ?????????? ?? ????. serve ? ???????????) иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ?????? ? ??? ?????????? ???, ??? ???????, ? ??????? ?????????????? ????, ?????????? ?????????-???????????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ?? ????????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ?????????? ????????? ????? ????????, ??????????????? ?? ?????? ??????????: ????-??????, ?????? ??? ??????, ?????-??????, ?????????????? ??????, ?????? ??????????. ????? ???????, ??? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???????, ??????? ?? ??????? (???????? ???????, ???? ??????, ????????, ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????). 4. ?????????? ??? (???????????? ??? ? ??????? ???????) иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ??? ???????????? ??????????? (??), ??? ???????????? ??? (????), ???????? ?????????? ???, ??????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? [4]. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????????. ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????, ????? ??? PDP-11 ??? VAX ????? DEC. ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????????????? ?????????????. Ф???????????? ?? 99╗. ? 1999 ?. ??? ?????? ? ???????? ????????????? ????????????????? ???????? (Ф???????????? ?? 99╗) [8], ????????????? Intel ? Microsoft, ?????????? ???????????? ?? ? ??????? ???????. ??? ???????????-???????????? ?? Intel ? Microsoft ??? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ? ?????? ? 1998 ?? 2001 ?. ? ???????????? ? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??: ? ???????? (consumer PC); ? ??????? (office PC); ? ??????????? (mobile PC); ? ??????? ??????? (workstation PC); ? ??????????????? (entertainment PC). 5. ??????????? ??? (????. mobile PC) ??? ??????? ?? ????????, ??????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ?, ?????????????, ???????????? ????????? ? ?????? ? ??????. 13 ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??? (mobile PC). ? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????? laptop ? ?????????? ?????????. ??????????? ???, ???? ? ???????? ????????????? ????????????, ??? ?? ?????, ???????? ? ????????? ?????. ??????? ??? ? ????????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ????? ?? ? ???????????? ???. ??????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????: 1) ????????; 2) ???????; 3) ????????? ?? (???). ??? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ?????????????????? ???????????? ??, ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ?????????. ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????????. ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????? (netbook ? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ? ????), ??? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ? ????????? (???. 1.4). ???. 1.4 ? ?????? Intel Classmate PC ?????????????? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ????????? ?? (???), ?. ?. ?????????? ??????????? (tablets). ???????? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ? ????? ??????????? (???????, ??????, ????? ? ??.). ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?? ?????? ?????????: ?) ??? ???????????? ???????; ?) ??? ???????; ?) ?????????????? ??????????? ? ?. ?. ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???. ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ARM (Advanced RISC Machines), ????????????? ? 1983?1985 ??. ? ???- 14 ????? Acorn Computers. ? 1990 ?. Acorn, ?????????? ??? ????????? ARM ??? ? ?????????????? ? Apple, ????????????? ?????????????, ???????????? ARM, ? ????????? ????? ? Advanced RISC Machines. ????? ????????????? ARM ? ???????? Ф?????????????╗ ??????????????? ????, ?????????? ??????????????? ? ?????????????????? ??????????. ? ???? ??? ??????????? ARM ????????? ???????????, ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???, ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????????? ? ???????? Intel. ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ? ???????????, ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????, ???????? Android (???. 1.5). ???. 1.5 ? ????????? ? ????????, ???????????? ?? Android. ?? ??????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ?????: ASUS Transformer Prime, Samsung Galaxy SIII, Samsung Nexus S, Google Nexus 7 6. ???????????? ??????? (embedded system). ? ?????????? ? ??????????, ????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????. ???????????? ??????? (????. embedded systems) ? ??? ?????????????????? ???????, ? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????????, ???????? ??? ?????????. ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????????, ???????? ? ????????? ???????????????????? ?????????? ??????????, ???????????, ?????, ????????? ? ?. ?. ?????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????, ???????????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ????. ? ?????? ???? ???? ????????????? ??????????, ? ????? ?????????????? ?? ???????? ?????????, ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????. ????? ????, ? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????????????? ???? ????????????, ?????????????? ????? ? ?????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????? [6]. 15 ?????????????????? ???. ?????????????????? (??????????????, performance) ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????????? ???????. ?? ?????? ?????????????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? [2]: ? ??? ?????; ? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????????, ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????; ? ????? ???????????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?????????; ? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????; ? ????????? ??????????; ? ?????????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????; ? ??????????? ??????? ?????-??????. ??????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???. ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? (?? ????????? ? ??????? ??????????) ???????? MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second ? ??????? ?????? ? ???????). ?????? ???????? MIPS ???????? ????????????? ? ?? ?????? ???????????. ??? ??????-??????????? ????????, ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????????????????? ??? ? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? MFLOPS (Million Floating point Operations Per Second ? ??????? ???????? ? ????????? ?????? ? ???????); ???????? Ф?????????╗. ????? ????, ?????????? ???????? GFLOPS (Ф?????????╗, 1000 MFLOPS), TFLOPS (Ф?????????╗, 1000 GFLOPS) ? PFLOPS (Ф?????????╗, 1000 TFLOPS). ???????????????? ???????????? ??????? [10. ?. 27]. ??? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????????. ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????: ???????????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????: ? 1 ????? ???????? ??????; ? 1 ????/? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? 1 MIPS ?????????????????? ??????????. 1.3 ????????? ? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????, ??????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????????????? ? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????, ??? ????. ???????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????, ??? ??? ?????????? ???????????, ??????? ? ???, ??? ?? ????????? ???????- 16 ????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????????. ???????? ??, ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ? ??????????????? ??????, ?. ?. ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????, ?? ??? ?? ???. ?? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????: ?????????, ?????? ???????????, ????????, ?????? ?????????? ? ???? ? ?. ?. ????? ????, ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ? ???????? ???????? ? ????, ? ?? ????????? (?. ?. ??????????? ? ???????????? ??????????) ????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? [1]. ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????. ??? ??-???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????, ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ? ????????????????? ???????? (??? Ф????????╗), ? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? (?????????), ??? ? ??????. ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ? ????????? ? ????? ?????????? [1]. ?????????? ????????? ?????????? (???. 1.6) ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????: ??????????-?????????? ?????????? (???), ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? (???), ??????????? ?????????? (??), ?????????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? (???) ? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? (????). ?????? ????? Ф???????????╗ ????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ????????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????, ??????????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ????????????? ?? ??????. ??? ? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????, ????? ??? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ? ????????????? ? ??????????, ? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ??????????. ??????????-?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????, ?. ?. ??????, ???????????? ? ?????? ? ???????????? ? ??? ??? ?????????. ????? ????, ??? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????????????. 17 ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? (???) ???. 1.6 ? ?????????? (??????????) ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????, ??? ??????????? ??????, ?????? ???? ???????? ???? (?????? ? ??????) ? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????????, ? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ? ?????? ??????????, ??? ???????, ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ???????? ? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????. ?????????? ???????? ? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? (???). ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????, ?? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ????????? ? ???. ? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ???, ? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????. ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ???, ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????, ?????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ???. ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????; ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????????, ?????????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????????? ???????. ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ? ???, ?? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? (??). ?? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? (??), ????????? ?? ??? ? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? (???), ??? ?????????? ??????, ??????????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????-??????, ? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ? ?????? (??? ????????????? ????????????) ??????????? ???? (???. 1.7), ?????????? ????? ????? ????? (??). 18 ????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? (???) ???????????? ?????????? ?????/?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???. 1.7 ? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? Ф??????╗: ??????, ??????, ??????????. ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????. ? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? (?. ?. ?????, ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????????, ?????? ? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????) ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????; ????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ?? ? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? (??? ???????) ?????????, ??????????????? ??? ????? ? ??????? ????? (?????????, ????????? ?????????? ? ?. ?.). ??? ?????????? ???????????? ? ?? ? ??????? ????????????, ?????????, ?????? ?????? ? ?. ?. (??. ??. 3). 1.4 ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ?????????, ??? ???????????, ????? (????. motherboard, MB; ????? mainboard) ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????, ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ?? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? (???. 1.8): ? ??????????? ????????? (????. central processing unit ? CPU); ? ?????????? ??????? (????. chipset ? ????? ?????????); 19 ? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? (???), ?????????? BIOS (????. basic input/output system ? ??????? ??????? ?????-??????); ? ??????????? ??? ? ??????????? ?????-?????? ? ???????????? ?????????; ? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? (???, RAM ? random access memory) ? ???? ??????? ??????, ????????????? ? ??????????? ???????; ? ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????????; ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ? ??????????, ????, ????????, ???????? ? ?. ?. ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????, ? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????????. ????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? 1.8, 1.9. ? ???. 1.8 ? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? 20 ???. 1.9 ? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ????-?????? ????????? ?????. ????-?????? (????. form factor) ? ??? ????????, ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????, ? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????, ???????? ?????, ???? ?????????????? ?????????, ??????????? ?/?? ??????????, ?? ????????? ? ?????????? (????. 1.1). иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????????? ????????. ???????????? ????-??????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ?????????????? ??????????. ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????, ????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ? ???????????????????? ???????????? (?????????, ???? ??????????) ?????? ?????????????? ? ???????. ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ??? ??? ???????, ??? ? ??? ??????????????? ? ???? ????????? (???????????) ?????. ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?, ??????????????, ????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????. ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? [4]. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ????????? ? ?????????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????, ??????????????? ??? ????????????? ????????. ??????????? ????????? ? ?????????, ??????????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??- 21 ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ???????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ??????? 1.1 ? ???????? ????-??????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???????, (?????? О ?????) ????? ?? ????????????, ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? XT 8,5 О 11 216 О 279 IBM, 1983 ???????????? ??????????? IBM PC/XT AT 12 О 11?13 305 О О 279?330 IBM, 1984 ??????????? IBM PC/AT ? Desktop/Tower Intel, 1995 ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? MiniTower, FullTower Intel, 1997 ??????????? ?????? ATX. ????? ?????? ??????. ???????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ATX MicroATX Mini-ATX 12 О 9,6 9,6 О 9,6 11,2 О 8,2 305 О 244 244 О 244 284 О 208 ??????????? ?? ?????????? MoDT (????. Mobile on Desktop AOpen, 2005 Technology), ???????????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? (??; ????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ???; ????. central processing unit, CPU) ? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ?????????? (??????????????), ??????????? ???????? ?????????? (??? ????????), ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????????. ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? (???. 1.10). ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ????? Intel ???????????? ? ??????? 1.2. ?? ??? ?????, ??? ??????? ? 2004 ?. ??????????? ?????????????? ?????? ? ??????????????? ???? ?????? 100 ??, ??????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????????????. 22 ???. 1.10 ? ????????? Intel Core 2Extreme X6800 ??????? 1.2 ? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ????? Intel [6] ???????????? ?854 ?856 ?858 ???????? ??60 ?1262 ?1264 ?1256 ?1268 ?1270 ?????????, ??? 1995 1997 1999 2001 2004 2005 2007 2009 2011 ??????????? 350 ?????????????? ??????, ?? 250 180 130 90 65 45 32 22 ??????? ???????? Si, ?? 200 200 200 200/300 300 300 300 300 300 ????????????? Al Al Al Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 High-k High-k High-k ?????????? ??????? ????? SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 Si Si Si Si Strained Strained Strained Strained Strained Si Si Si Si Si ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? (??????????, ??? ? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????) ????? ??????????? ???????????. ??? ???????????? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????? (???????), ??????????: ?) ?????????? ??????????? ?????? (???, ?. ?. RAM), ??? ?????????? ???????? ????; ?) ?????????? ???????????? ????????? (??), ??? ?????????? ????? ????. ????????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????. ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? 1.11. ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ? ???????? ? ????? ?????. 23 ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????????????? PCI Express x16 ?????? ??????????? ???? FSB ??? QPI ???????? ???? ?????????? ? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? DMI ????? PCI ???? PCI ????? ???? ?????????? ? ???????????? ?????/?????? IDE, SATA, USB, Ethernet, ????? ???? LPC ???? BIOS ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????????????? ??????. ????? (COM) ????????. ???? (LPT) ?????????? (PS/2) ???? (PS/2) ??-???? (IR) ???? (FDD) ???. 1.11 ? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ???????? ???? (Northbridge) ? ??? ????????? ??????????, ?????????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????, ?????????? ?? ?????? ? ??????????? ??????? (RAM), ?????????????? ? ??????????? (CPU). иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии 24 ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ? ?? ??????????? ????????? ?????. ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ? ??????????, ? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????. ????? ???????, ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ? ?? ???????????????. ????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ????? ???? ????????????????? ????????? ? ????? ??????. ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? Ф???????????????╗ ???????????? ?? ??????????? ?????. ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????????, ????????????? ??? ???????????, ?? ? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????. ??? ???????, ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????. ?????? ??? ????????? ????????, ???? ? ???????? ? ???????? ???????????. ??????? ??? ? ???, ??? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? 30░ ???? ??????????? ??????. ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????. ??-??????, ???????? ???? ????????? ? ???????????????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ??????????, ????????, ?? ????????? ???? ??????????, ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????. ??? ????????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????. ?-???????, ????? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????????, ?????? ? ???????. ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????. ????? ???? иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ????? ???? (Southbridge) ? ??? ?????????????? ??????????, ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????-??????, ??? ICH (In/Out Controller Hub). иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ???????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????????, ? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????????? IDE, SATA, USB, LAN, Embeded Audio ? ???????? ?????? ???????, ???????, ? ???? ???????, ???????? ?????? ? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????? ????????????, ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????????????. ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? PCI, PCIe ? ISA (? ?????? ???????). 25 ?????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ??????????????? IDE, SATA, USB, LAN ? ???????, ????? ???? ???????? ??? ? ?? SM-???? (???????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ?? ?????), DMA-??????????, IRQ-??????????, ????????? ????, BIOS, ??????? ????????????????? APM ? ACPI, ???? LPC Bridge. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????, ??? ???????, ???????? ? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????, ?. ?. ?? ???????? ???????? ? ???????? ????????????. ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????????, ???????? USB-???????????. ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ?. ?. ? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????, ???????? ?? ????????????? ? ???????. ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????. ?????????? (???????? ??????) ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????. ? ???????????? ?????????? (? ? ????????? ????? ? ? ??????????? ?????? ?????) ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ???????????. ? ????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? (??? ????????? ?????????? ????????) ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????, ?????????? BIOS (Basic Input-Output System). ??? ?????????? Ф??????╗ ? ??????, ?. ?. ???????? ?????????. ??????????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ? ???????? Ф???????╗ ?????????, ???????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ? ????????? ???????? ????????. ???? ?? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? 1.12 [6]. ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?, ??????????????, ????????? ????? (??. ???. 1.11) ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? (clock generator), ?? ???? ?????????? Ф??????? ??????????╗. ????????? ???????? ??????? (??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ? ???) ???????????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????????? (?????? ????????????? ?????) ? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ? ??????????. ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????. ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ??????????, ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????. ? ????????????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????, ??? ???????, ????????????? ????? ????????. ???? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? 26 ?????? ?????? ???????????????, ? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ? ???? ??????????. ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????. ???. 1.12 ? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????? i945GSE 1.5 ????????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ? ???????????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? 1.11. ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ? ????????? ? ???? ?????????? [9]. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии FSB (Front Side Bus) ? ??? ????????????? ?????, ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????????: ??????, ??????????, ????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?. ?. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????? ????????????, ??? ???????????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ????, ??????? ???????? FSB, ????????? ????????? (?????? ??? ??????????, ?????? ??? ???? ??????) ? ????????? ??????????, 27 ??????? ???????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????????. ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? Ф???????? ??????╗ (?? ????. Northbridge). ??, ?????? ? Ф????? ??????╗ (?? ????. Southbridge), ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????, ???????, ??????, ???? ?????????? ??? ????????? Ф??????╗ (?? ????. Chipset). Northbridge. ???????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??-?? ?????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ?????. ?? ???????????? ????? ????????, ????????? ????????????? Ф???╗ ???????????, ?????? ? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????, ??? ?? ? Ф????????╗ ?? ?????. ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ? ???????????????? (? ?????? ??????????? ????????????????, ???????? ????, ???????????? ????????? Intel, ????????? GMCH (?? ????. Chipset Graphics and Memory Controller Hub), ? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ? ?????, ??????????? ??? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????. ?????, ??? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ???????, ? ????????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????????? ??????????, ???????? ?????????? ? ????? PCI Express, ? ????? ???????????????? ?????????? (BIOS, ?????????? PCI, ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????, ????? ? ?. ?.) ????? ???????????? ? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????. ???????? ???? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????, ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ? ? ????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? (?????????? ???????????, ???????, ? ????? ???): ????????? ????, ??????????? ?????? (??? ???????????? ??????, ? ????? ?? ???????????? ?????), ????????????? ???????????????? (????? ??????, ??????????? ????????????? SLI (?? ????. Scalable Link Interface, ??? ???????? Ф?????????????? ?????????╗ ? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????, ???? (3-Way SLI) ??? ???? ??????? (Quad SLI) ?????????????? ????????????, ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????). ? ????????? ????? ? ??????????? ????? Core ix ? ???????? LGA 1156 ???????? ???? ??????? ? ????????? ? ??????????? ? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? QPI ?? ????????? ?????????? 2,5и109 ???????? ? ???????. ?? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???? FSB ? ??????? ???? QPI ? ???????? ????????. Southbridge. ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????-?????? (?? ????. I/O Controller Hub, ICH), ??? ?????????? 28 ????? ????, ???????? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????????? (????? ???????? ????) ? ????????????, ?? ????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????????????: ? ??????????? PCI (X, E) ??????????, SMBus (I2C), LPC, IDE/SATA DMA, IRQ, ISA; ? Super I/O: ?????????? floppy-??????????; ?????????? LPT-?????; ?????????? COM-??????; MIDI, ????????, ???????????? ???? ? ?. ?.; ? ???? ????????? ??????? RTC (?? ????. Real Time Clock); ? BIOS (CMOS) ?????? ? ?????????????????? ????????? ???????????; ? ??????? ????????????????? APM ? ACPI; ? ???????? ?????????? (AC97); ????? ???????? ? ???? ??????????? Ethernet, USB, RAID, FireWire ? ?. ?. ???????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ? ???????? ????????????. ??? ?????????, ?? ???????? ???????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ????????, ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????????? (???????? ?????????, ????????, ?????????? ??????????? ????? ? ?. ?.). ?????? ?????? ?????, ??? ???????, ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??-?? ?? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ????????????. BSB. ???? BSB (?? ????. Back Side Bus) ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ???-??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????????, ? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? DIB (?? ????. Dual Independent Bus), ??????? ???????? ????????? (???????) ????? ? ?????????? L2-cache. QPB. ????????? Intel ???? ??????????? ????????? ???? QPB (?? ????. Quad Pumped Bus), ?????????? ?????? 64-????????? ????? ?????? ??? 2 ?????? ?? ????, ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? GTL+ ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????? AMD ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?7 ????????????? ???? EV6 ??? ??????????? AMD Athlon ? Athlon XP, ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? (Double Data Rate). ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ????????????, ??? ?????????? ??????????. ?????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????, ???????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????, ??? ??? ??????????, ??? ? ??? ?????? ???????. DMI. DMI (?? ????. Direct Media Interface) ? ????, ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????? Intel, ??? ?????????? ?????? ? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ? 29 ?????. ??? ??????? LGA 1156 ?? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? (???????? Core i3, Core i5 ? ????????? ????? Core i7 (???????? 800)), DMI ????????? ????????? ? ?????? PCH (?? ????. Platform Controller Hub) ?? ?????????? CtC (?? ????. Chip-to-Chip). PCH ????????, ?? ????, ???????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ????? P55 Ibex Peak. ?????????? ? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? Intel, ? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? PCI-Express ??? ?????????. ??????? ?????????, ???????????? ? ??????? ?????????? DMI, ???? ?????????? ????? Intel i915, ?? ?????? ?????? LGA 1156, ?????????? ??????????????? ? 2004 ?. ?????????? ??????????? DMI ?????????? 2 ?????/?. ??-?? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? Intel ????? ?? ????????????? ???????, ??????? ?????????? ??????, PCI-Express ? ??????????????? ????????? DMI ? ??? ?????????. HyperTransport. HyperTransport (????? ????????? ??? Lightning Data Transport) ? ?????????? ????????????????/???????????? ?????, ????????????? ? ?????????????? ?????????? P2P (?? ????. point-to-point), ??????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? (?? ????. Low-latency responses), ??? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????, ????? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ? I/O Controller Hub. ?????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????, ????????, ????????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ???? ? ?????? (??? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ??????) ??? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ???????. HyperTransport ???????????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????? ??????. ????? ??? ???????????? DDR (?? ????. Double Data Rate), ??? ????????? ??????????? ?? 5,2О109 ??????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ?????? 2,6 ???. QPI. ?????????? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ???????? Intel, ?????????? QPI (?? ????. Quick Path Interconnect, ????? ????????? ??? Common-System Interface, ??? CSI), ??????????? ? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????????????? ???? P2P ??? ??????? ? ?????????????? ? ??????????? ??????. ????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ????. ? ????????? 30 ?????????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? FSB ??? ??????????? ? ? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? Ф??????????? ????????╗. ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? FSB ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ? QPI. ????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? (??? ????????????????) ???????? ? 25,6 ??/?. ?????? ??????????, ??????????? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ???? QPI, ????????? ?? ????? ? ?????? 2008 ?. ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????, ?? ????? ? ????????? AMD, ??????????? ????????? ???? HyperTransport. ????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???? ???????? Intel ? Nehalem ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? Intel x86. ???? ??????????? ? 2010 ?. QPI ???????? ? ?????????? ????? Itanium 9300, ??????? ??????? ??? Tukwila, ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????, ??????????? ?? ???? Itanium. ?????? ? QuickPath ? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????, ? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? QPI ??? ?????????????? ? ??????? ???????????? ? I/OCH. ?????? ? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ????????? ???? QPI, ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? Tukwila ? Nehalem. ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???????????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????????: ? ???????? ?????????????????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ???????; ? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ? ????? ???????????? ???????; ????????????? ?????????? ????????????? RAS (?? ????. Reliability, Availability, Serviceability, ??? ???????? ???????? Ф??????????, ??????????? ? ???????????????╗) ? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????, ??????????????????? ? ????????????????????. ??????? ? ???????? LGA 1366 ?????????? ???? DMI ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ??????. ? ?????????? ??? ?????? LGA 1156 ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? QuickPath, ?. ?. ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ? ????????????????? ??????????????, ? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ?????????, ??? ?????????? ???????????? ? 31 ???? DMI ??? ????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????????? ???? QPI ???????????? ? ??????????? ?????? LGA 1156 ??? ????? ???? ? ??????????? ??????????? PCI-e ?????? ?????? ??????????. ??????, ???????????? ? ???? ????????? (???????), ? ????????? ???? QPI ?????????? ?? ???? ????????????? ???????, ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? 20 ??? ????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? 20 ???, ??? ???? 16 ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ?????? (???????? ????????). ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? 4,8О109 ?? 6,4О109 ?????????? ? ???????, ?????????????, ????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ????????? ?? 19,2 ?? 25,6 ??/? ? ???? ????????????, ??? ??????????, ??????????????, ?? 9,6 ?? 12,8 ??/? ? ?????? ???????. ? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? QPI ?????????? ? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????. ??????? ??? ?????????????? ? ???, ??? QPI ??????????? ???????????? ????????????? (? ???) ?????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ??? ???????????, ??? ? ?????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ???, ??????????, ?????????. ??? ?????????? ?????, ??? ???????????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ?????? QPI ???????????????, ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? QPI ? 2 ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ? ??????, ???? ??? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?? 3 ???????? ???????????????? ??????????? ?????????. ????? ???? PCI ? PCI-Express ??? ???? ???????????, ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ? ??????????. PCI-???? ? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????. ?????????? ?????????? ????? PCI Express. PCI Express-???? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????, ?????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? PCI. ? ????? ? ??? ??? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????????, ???????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????? (1x, 2x, 4x, 8x, 16x ? 32x), ? ??????, ????? ??????????? ? ??????????. ????????? PCI Express ? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ? ??????????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????, ???????????? ?????????????, ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? P2P. 32 ?????????????? ????????????? PCI Express ????????: ? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????; ? ??????????????????; ? ????????????; ? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????, ?????????????? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ???????, ? ????? ????? ?????????? QoS (?? ????. Quality of Service); ? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????????????????? ???????????? ASMP (?? ????. Active State Power Management) ? ??????? ?????????? ? ????? ???????????? ????????????????? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????? (??????????? ??????????) ????????? ???????; ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????, ??????????????? ??? ???????? ? ???????? Data Link ??????????? ? ?????? ?????? (? ????????) ??????????? ????? ?????????????????? ? ?? ?????, ??? ????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ? ??????? ??????, ? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ??? ? CRC (?? ????. Cyclic Redundancy Check). ? ??????? ?? ???? PCI, ???????????? ??????????? ? ????? 32-????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????, PCI Express ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? P2P, ? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?? (2, 4, 8, 16, 32) ??????????????? ?????. ? 1.6 ??????????? ??? ?????? Ф??????????? ???╗ ????? ????????? ??????????? ? ????? ????????????? ??? ? ?????, ??? ? ? ??????? ??????. ? ????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????. ????????????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? Ф???????????╗ ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????????? ???????, ??????????? ????????, ????? ?? ????????, ?????? ? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????. ???????? ???? 15971?90, ??????????? ?????????????? ?????? ? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????, ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ???????????? ???????????. 33 иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ????, ??????????? ??? ? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ???, ??????? ???????? ?? ???????????, ???????????????? ? ?????????? ???????????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ??????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???????????, ? ???? ?????? [10]: 1) ??????????? ????? ???; 2) ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???; 3) ??????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ? ???; 4) ????? ? ??????????? ?????????; 5) ??????????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????; 6) ??????? ????????????? ? ??????? ?????? ???; 7) ????? ???????? ??????; 8) ??????? ???????? ??????; 9) ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? (??????????). ????? ???????, ???????? ??????????? ???????? ? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ? ??????????. ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????. ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ? ?????, ??? ? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???????????, ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ?????-??????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????, ????????????? ???????????? ??????. 1. ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ????????? ? ??? ??????. 2. ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ??????. ?????? ???????? ? ??????????? ??? ???????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ??????????? ??????????? ? ??? ??????????? ???, ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????: 1) ????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????; 34 2) ????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????. ??????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ? ????? 1930-? ??. ? ??????????? ????????????. ??????????? ???? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????????????, ? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????-?????????????? ?????????, ?. ?. ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????. ?????? ???????????, ? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????, ??? ???? I. ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ?????????????????, ????? ??? Microchip PIC, Atmel AVR, Intel 4004, Intel 8051, ? ????? ? ???-?????? ??????? ?????? x86-????????????????, ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ??????. ???????????? ??????????? (??? ???????). ??? ??? ????????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????, ??????????? ? ???????????? ? ??????????, ??????????? ? 1945 ?. ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????. ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ???-???????????? ??????????? ???. ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? 1.6. ???-???????????? ???????????????? ??? ??????? ?? (??. ???. 1.6): 1) ???????????? ?????????? (?? ? CPU), ??????????? ???????????????????? ?????????? (???) ? ?????????? ?????????? (??); 2) ??????????? ?????? (?? ? RAM); 3) ??????? (??????) ?????-??????, ? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????-?????? (???), ? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? (??? ??? ??); 4) ??, ????? ??? ? ??, ????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? (???? ??????????? ?????????; ???? ??????????? ?????? ? ??.). ???????? ??? ???????, ? ???????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???: 1. ??????? ????????? ???????????. ???????? ????? ????????, ?????????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ????????, ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ? ???????? ? ???????? ?????. ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????, ??? ???, ??????????? ???????? 0 ??? 1. ???? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????? ?? 8 ????????, ?????????? ???????. ????? ??????????, ??????????? ? ???, ??- 35 ???????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ? ??????????? ? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????????. 2. ??????? ??????????. ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????. ???????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???, ????? ? ??????????? ? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????????????? ??????????? ????. 3. ??????? ???????????? ??????. ? ??????????? ?????? (??) ??? ???????? ? ?????????, ? ??????. ??? ???? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???. ??????????? ????????? (??) ????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????, ???????? ? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??????. ????? ????, ??????? ????????? ? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????????. ????????? ????????? ? ?? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ?????? ? ??. ?? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????????. 4. ??????? ???????????? ??????????. ?? ???? ???????, ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ??????????? ?? ????????????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ???????????? ??????????????????. ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ? ??, ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????????. ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????. 1.7 ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????, ??????? Ф???????????╗ ????????? ?? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ?????, ?? ? ? ????????? ??? ???????????, ?????? ????? ? ??????????. ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????, ????????????? ??????? ??????. CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing, ??? Complex Instruction Set Computer ? ????????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????) ? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????, ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????: 36 ? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ???????; ? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????? ???????; ????????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????. ????????? ??????????????? CISC-??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? Intel x86 (???????? ??????????? Intel Pentium 4, Pentium D, Core, AMD Athlon, Phenom, ??????? ???????? ??????????) ? ?????????? Motorola MC680x0. ???????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????, ????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? Intel x86 (??? ?8664 ? ?????? 64-????????? ???????????). ????????? ??? ?86-?????????? ???????? CISC-????????????. ?????? ????? ??????????, ??????? ? Intel Pentium Pro, ???????? CISC???????????? ? RISC-?????. ??? ??????????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? CISC-?????????? ??????????? x86 ? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? RISC. ? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????, ???????????? ??????? x86 ? ??????? ??????????? RISC-??????????. ??? ???? ???? ??????? x86 ????? ????????? ????????? RISC-?????? (? ?????? ??????????? ???? P6 ? ?? ??????? RISC-?????? ? ??????????? ???????). ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ????. ??? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? CISC-??????, ??? ??? ????????, ??? ????? CISC-????????? ???????? RISC-??????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ???????. ????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????????????????? CPU. RISC (Restricted (Reduced) Instruction Set Computer ? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ??????) ? ??????????? ??????????, ? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????????, ????? ?? ????????????? ???? ????? ???????, ? ????? ?????????? ? ???????. ?????? RISC-?????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ? ???????. ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????????????? (????????????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????). ?????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ? ???????? ?????, ? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ? 37 ??????. ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ? ??????????? ??????????, ??? ???????, ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? (?. ?. Ф??????????????? ??????? ??????╗), ????????, ? ????????, ? ????????? ? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ? ?????????, ?? ? ????? ???????????????? ?????????, ? ????? ? ??????. ??????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??????? CISC. ?????? ????? RISC-??????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??-?? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ???. ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? UNIX-???????? ???????????? ?????? (SunOS) ?? RISC-???????????. ? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? RISC?????????, ???????? ARM, DEC Alpha, SPARC, AVR, MIPS, POWER ? Power PC. ???????? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? x86 ????? ???????? CISC-????????????, ?????? ????? ??????????, ??????? ? Intel 486DX, ???????? CISC-???????????? ? RISC-?????. ??? ??????????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? CISC-?????????? x86??????????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? RISC. ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????????? x86 ???? ?????????? ?? ?????????????? RISC-???????????, ????? ???????, ??? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? RISC. ????????? ????????? ??????????? ? ????????????? CISC ? RISC ?????? ? ??????? 1.3 ??????? 1.3 ? ????????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ????????????? [12] ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????, ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? (???) CISC VAX11/780 Intel 486 303 235 22 11 2?57 1?12 16 8 RISC MIPS R4000 94 1 4 32 ????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? SPARC-???????????. SPARC (Scalable Processor ARChitecture ? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????) ? ??? ??????? ??????????? RISC-????????????????, ????????????? ????????????? ? 1985 ?. ????????? Sun Microsystems. 38 ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????. ? ????????? ??????????? ? ????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ? Intel ?86 ? ARM. ??????????? x86 (????. Intel 80О86) ? ??????????? ?????????? c ??????????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ???????? Intel. ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ? ?????????. ????? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????, ??????????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????, ? ?? ????????? ????, ??????????? ?????????? ? ???? ????????????. ??????????, ??????????? ? ?????????: Intel« Atom?; NVIDIA Tegra 3; Intel Core i5-3427U. ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? Intel x86 ? ????????????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????, ? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????????????????, ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ? 5 ??? ??????, ??? ? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ARM. ?????????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?86 ???????????????, ??? ???????, ? ???????? ? ???-????????, ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?????????. ?????????? ????????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ? ???-??????? ??????????????? ????????????, ??? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ? ?86 ? ????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ARM. ??????????? ARM (Advanced RISC Machine ? ??????????????????? RISC-??????, RISC ? Reduced Instruction Set Computing, ????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ??????). ? ??????????? ARM ??????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? 32-?????? ? 64-?????? ????????????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ARM Limited. ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ? ???????????? ??? ??? (???????????, ???????? ??????? ? ?. ?.). ???????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????????, ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????. ?????????? ??????????? ARM ????? ?????? ?????????????????, ?????? ??????????? ? ????????? ???????????, ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????. ??????? ????????, ??? ?????????? ??????????? ARM ??????????? ?? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ?????????, ?? ? ? ????????????, ???????????, ? ????? ? ????????????? ???????????. ???????? Apple ????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ARM, ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? Ф?╗. ?????????? ?????????? ????? 39 Samsung ? ?????? ????????. ?????????? Ф?╗ ??????????????? ? ????????? ????????, ?? ?????? ????????????? ?????? Apple. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? 1 иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии 1. ??? ????? ?????????????? ??????? 2. ??? ????? ??????????-?????????????? ?????? (???)? 3. ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? 4. ??? ????? ??????? ???????? 5. ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????????? 6. ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? 7. ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????. 8. ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? DMI? 9. ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ???? ??, ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????. 10. ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????? SPARC. ?????? ?? ???????? ???????????? 40 2 ???????????? ?????????? 2.1 ?????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????????? ? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ??? ?????????????????? ? ????????? ???????? ?????, ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????. ????????? ?????????? ????????????, ?????????????? ? ??????, ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????, ????? ????? ??????? ? ??????, ?????? ?????????, ???????????????????. ??? ?????????? ????????????? ? ?????? ? ????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????, ????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ? ???? ?????????? ??????????, ? ? ???? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????, ?????????????? ????? ???????????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????. 2.2 ???????? ?????? ?????????? иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ???????? ?????? ? ??????, ???????????? ? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ? ???????????????? ???, ?? ????????, ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????, ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ???????????? ???????? ???????, ??????????, ????????, ?????????? (???. 2.1). иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???, ??? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ???????, ?? ??????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????. ????????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ???????. ??? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? (???????????? ??????????). иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ????, ? ???????? ????????, ??? ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ??????????????, ?? ?????? ???????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии 41 ???. ????, ?. ?. ???-?????? ???. ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? (????????? ? ???????) ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? (???????) ???. 2.1 ? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? (???. ? ???????? ??????????) ????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????. ???????? ?????????? ? ??? ????????? ???? ???????????????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????????? ??????????. ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ????????. ????????, ???? ??? ????? ??????????, ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????????, ? ????????? ???????????? ???? ? ???????. ????? ????, ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????, ? ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ????????. ?????????? ?????????, ????????? ???????????? ??????????, ? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? (?????????? ????????) ????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????????????????? ??????????. ????????, ? 32-????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? 32 ???????. ??? ???????, ?????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ? ???? ??? ?????????????. ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????. ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ?????????????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ? ?????????. ????????, ??? ???????, ????? ???? ???????? ?????????, ??? ? ???????? ??????, ?? ? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ? ??????. 42 иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ???????? ?????? (??, ????. main storage) ? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????, ?????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? [4]. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ??????????? ?????? (??? ? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????) ????????????? ??? ???????? ??????????, ? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????, ? ???????????? ?????? ?? ??????, ?????????? ? ???????? (???. 2.2). ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ???????????? ???????? (Random Access Memory, RAM). ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???: SRAM (Static RAM) ? DRAM (Dynamic RAM). ???. 2.2 ? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? SRAM ? ??? ???, ????????? ?? ?????????, ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????. ??????????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ????????. ?????????? ? ????????? ???????????? ??????, ???????? ????? ?????. DRAM ? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ??????. ??? ???????? ??????? (????) ???????????? ?????, ????????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????? ???????????. ????? ???????, DRAM ? ??????? ? ??????????, ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????????????? ????. ? ????? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? DRAM, ? SRAM ???????????? ??? ?????????? ???-?????? ? ????????????????. ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ???????. ????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ??. ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ? ??????????????? ??. ??? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ? ?? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ?? (??? ????????? ??????????). 43 ???????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??. ??? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????, ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? (?????????), ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ??. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ???-?????? (????. cache memory) ? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????????? (????), ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? (???) ? ??? Ф?????????╗ ? ??????????? (????? ??? ???????????) ? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ???-?????? ?? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????; ?????????? ? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????, ??????????? ???? ??? ??? Ф?????????╗. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???, ? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????, ? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ???-??????? ??????????? ???????, ??? ??????????? ???????. ?? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ? ???-?????? ?, ?????????????, ??????? ? ?????????????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ?????. ???-?????? ??????????? ? ???????????????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????, ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? (??? 1-?? ?????? ? L1). ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????. ????? ?????????? ???-?????? ??????????? ????? ????????? 32 ?????. ? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? 2- ??? 3-????????? ???-??????. ??? ????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????????????? ? ??????? 2.1. ????? ????, ????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ?????. ?????????? ??????. ?????????? ?????? (??? ? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????) ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????, ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????. ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ROM (Read Only Memory), ??????? ????????? ?? ??, ??? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????????. 44 ??????? 2.1 ? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ? ?????????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????, ?. ?. ???-?????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? (??? ? RAM) ???????? ???-?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????????? 0,2?0,5 ?? 1?5 ?? ?? 32?512 ?? 5?20 ?? ?? 1?4 ?? 30?100 ?? ?? 1?8 ?? 50?100 ??? ?? 3?15 ?? ??? ????????? ????? 100?1 000 ?? ?????????, ????????? (???????, ????????) ?????????? ????? 0,7? 9 ?? 50 ?? ??? ????-?????? 8?64 ?? 25?50 ??? 2?25 ??/? ??? 0,1?1 ?? 300?500 ??/? ??? 1?200 ?? 10?60 ??/???? ??? ????????????? ?????????? (SSD) ????????? ????? (???????) ?????????? ?????? ????????????????, ?. ?. ????? ????????? ?????????? ? ??? ??????????? ???????. ?????? ????????? ???? ???, ???????? ?????????? BIOS, ???????? ??????? ??????????????????, ?. ?. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ??????? ?????? (????. external storage) ? ??????, ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????-??????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ??? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????????? ???? ?????????? (????, CD/DVD, SSD, ????-??????????), ????? ??????? ???????, ??? ???????, ? ????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????. ????????? (????. drives). ? ????????? ???? ?? ???????????? ????????? (?????????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????). ??? ????????? ?????- 45 ?????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ? ???????????? ????????????, ???????????? ? ???? ???????? ????, ???????????????? ? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??????????????? ?? ?????????. 2.3 ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? (????, HDD ? Hard Disk Drive) ? ?????????? ???????? ??????????, ?????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????. ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ? ??????????????? ? ????????? ???????????. ?????? ??????? ????, ????????????? ?????? IBM, ??????? ? ????????????? ???????? Ф?????????╗, ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? (???. 2.3). ???. 2.3 ? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ? ?? 100 ?? ?? ?????????? ????????. ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????????. ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ? ????? (????????? ???????? ???????????). 46 ?????????? ? ???? (??. ???. 2.3) ???????????? ?? ??????? (???????????, ???????????? ??? ??????????) ????????, ???????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????, ???? ????? ???????? ?????. ? ???? ???????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???. ??????????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????, ????????????? ? ??????????? ??? ??????? (?????? ??./???) ????????. ?????????? ????? Ф?????????╗ ????????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????????? ???????? 0,1 ???, ? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????. ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ? ?????????? ????, ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ? ???????????? ??????. ??????? ???? ??????????, ??? ??? ???????????? ????????????????? ????, ????????? ????????? ????????? ????. ???????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????. ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ATA (?? ?? IDE ? PATA), SATA, SCSI, SAS, FireWire, USB, SDIO ? Fibre Channel. ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????. ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? 2 000 ?? (2 ??). ? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????? ?????????, ???????????? ??????? 1 024 ????????, ??????????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????, ??????? 1 000. ???, ??????? ???????? ?????, ?????????????? Ф200 ??╗, ?????????? 186,2 ??. ?????????? ?????? (????-??????). ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? 3,5, ???? 2,5 ?????. ????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? 1,8 ?????, 1,3 ?????, 1 ???? ? 0,85 ?????. ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ? ????-???????? 8 ? 5,25 ??????. ????? ????????????? ??????? ? ?????, ?? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????. ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ? ?? 2,5 ?? 16 ??. ???????? ???????? ???????? (????. spindle speed) ? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ? ??????. ?? ????? ????????? ? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????: 4 200, 5 400 ? 7 200 (????????), 5 400, 7 200 ? 10 000 (???????????? ??????????), 10 000 ? 15 000 ??./??? (??????? ? ?????????????????????? ??????? ???????). 47 ?????????? ???????? ?????-?????? ? ??????? ? ? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? 50 ??./? ??? ???????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ? ????? 100 ??./? ??? ???????????????? ???????. ??????????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????. ??????? ???? ? ???, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????. ??????????? ? ?????????. ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???? ????? 26 ?? ? ????. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? (? ??? ????? ?????????????????) ? ???? ????????????????. ???????? ???????? ?????? (????. transfer rate) ??? ???????????????? ???????: 1) ?????????? ???? ?????: ?? 44,2 ?? 74,5 ??/?; 2) ??????? ???? ?????: ?? 60,0 ?? 111,4 ??/?. ????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? 8 ?? 64 ??. ??????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ? ????? ???????????. ????????? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????, ?????????? ???????? ???????? ? ????????? ?????????, ???? ??????? ? ??????????? ????????????????, ????????????? ????????. ???? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? (?? ???? ?? ?????? ????). ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ?????. ?? ?????? ?????? (??? ???????) ?????????? ???????. ???????? ????????, ??? ???????, ??????????? ?? ?????????????? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ? ???? ??????, ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ? ??????????????. ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ??????, ???????? ? ?????? ????????. ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? 1 ??? 2 ????????, ?? ?????????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????????? ?? ????????, ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ??./???. ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????, ??????? ???????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????????. ????? ??????? ?????????????? ???, ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????????. ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????????, ??????????? ??? Ф??????╗ ???????, ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ???? ????????. ??? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????? ???????. ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ??????????. 48 ?????????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????, ? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????. ?????? ????????? ??? ???????. ???? ????????????? ?????? ?? ??????????? (?????? ? ????????) ? ????????? ????????? ? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??????, ? ????????? ??????; ? ??? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ????????. (? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????, ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????, ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????????.) ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ? ????????, ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? (????????? ???????????) ???????. ???????????? ???????? ??????????, ????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ? ???????????, ? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????. ???????, ??????????? ??? ?????? ? ????????? ? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?????, ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ? ?????????????. ???? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????, ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? (???), ???????? ??????, ???????????? ???? ? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????. ???????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????????. ???? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??????????, ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????? ? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? Ф???????? ???????╗, ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ? ????????? ???????, ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? (? ???????, ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????????), ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????????? (??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ? ???? ????????? ????????????, ???????????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????, ????????? ????????????, ???????????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ???????????). ???? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????? ????????? ???????, ? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????. ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ? ?????????? (???????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ??????). ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. 49 ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??? ????????????? (?????????? ???????? ??????????). ??? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????, ???????? ????? PRML (Partial Response Maximum Likelihood ? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ???????). ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????????. ??? ???? ?????????? ???????, ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ????????? ??????????????? ? ???????????? ????????. ?? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ? ?? ??? ??????????? ??????? ? ???????. ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?/??? ??????????, ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????, ???????????? ?? ??????. ??????? ? ??? ???????????? ???????, ?????????????? ?? ??????, ?? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? (?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????), ? ????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????. 2.4 ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? (????. optical disc) ? ????????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????, ??????????? ? ???? ??????, ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????????, ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????, ??????? ? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????. ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ??????, ??????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ? ?????????? ?? ????. ??? ????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? (??????, ?? ????. pit ? ????, ??????????, ???. 2.4) ?? ??????????? ????, ?? ????????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????????. ?????????? ?? ????? ???????????? ? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? (??????????), ??????????? ? ??????????????? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ???????? 100 ?? ? ??????? ? 500 ?? ? ??????. ????? ???? ??????????? ?? 850 ?? ?? 3,5 ???. ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ??? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????? 1,6 ???. ?????? ????? ????? ???????????? ???????, ???????????? ?? ??????, ?????????? 4?5 ??. 50 ???. 2.4 ? ???????-???? (CD) ??? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????: CD, DVD, Blu-ray (???. 2.5). ???. 2.5 ? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????? CD-ROM (????. compact disc read-only memory) ? ????????????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ?? ??? ???????, ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????. ?????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????????, ?? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????. ? ?????????? ?? ???? CDROM ???? ??????????? ????? ??? ? ???????????, ??? ? ? ???????????? ??????????? (CD-R ? CD-RW). ????? CD-ROM, ? ??????? ? DVD-ROM ? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????, ???????????? ???, ??????????? ? ??????, ? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????????????. ???????-???? ???????????? ????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? 1,2 ??, ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? (????????, ??????, ??????? ? ??.) ? ???????? ????? ????, ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????. ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????, ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????. ??????? ????? 51 ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? 0,7 ??, ??? ???????? ?????????????????? ??????? ? ???? ? ?????????. ????? ????, ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? 0,2 ??, ??????????? ?????, ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????????, ?? ???????? ???? ???????????. ? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? 15 ??. ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? 16 ?. ???????-????? ????? ? ???????? 120 ?? ? ?????????? ??????? ?? 650 ????? ??????????. ?????? ????????????, ????? 2000 ?., ????? ???????? ????????????????? ????? ??????? 700 ?????. ????? ?????????? ????-????? ????????? 80 ?? ? ???????? 140 ??? 210 ?? ??????. ????? ????, ????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????: CD-ROM ? ?????? ??? ?????? (Ф???????????╗); CD-R ? ??? ??????????? ??????; CDRW ? ??? ???????????? ??????. ??????? ???????-?????? (CD) ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? (??, IR) ????????? ? ?????? ????? 780 ??. ????????????????? CD?????? ??????? ? ???????? DVD-??????. DVD (????. Digital Versatile Disc) ? ???????? ???????????? ???? ? ???????? ??????????, ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????-??????, ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ? 650 ??. ??????????? DVD-???? ????? ??????? 4,7 ??, ??????????? ? 8,5 ??. ? ??????????? CD/DVD-?????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ? ???????? (650 ??) ? ????????????? (780 ??) ?????????. Blu-ray Disc (BD) ? ?????? ??????????? ????????, ???????????? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ??????, ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????????. ???????? Blu-ray ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? BDA. Blu-ray (????????? Ф????? ???╗) ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ???????????????? (405 ??) Ф??????╗ (?????????? ????-???????????) ??????. ??????????? ???? Blu-ray (BD) ????? ??????? 25 ??, ??????????? ???? ????? ???????? 50 ?? ??????. 2.5 ????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? (????. SSD, Solid State Drive, Solid State Disk) ? ?????????????????, ???????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ??????. ??????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????, ?????????? ?? ????????????? ??????????????? (RAM SSD) ? ????????????????? (NAND ??? Flash SSD) ??????. 52 ?????????? RAM SSD, ??????????? ?? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????? (????? ??, ????? ???????????? ? ??? ????????????? ??????????), ??????????????? ????????????? ???????, ??????? ? ??????? ??????????. ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????. ???????????? ? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????? ???????. ????? ??????????, ??? ???????, ???????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????, ? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ?????????? ?/??? ???????????? ???????????. ?????????? NAND SSD, ??????????? ?? ????????????? ????????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????, ?? ? ????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????. ?? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ? ??????, ?? ?????????????? ??? (???????? ??? ??????) ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? (???????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ??????). ?????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? Flash ?? ????????? ?????? ? ??????, ???????????? ? ?????????????, ? ??????????? ??????, ??????????? ?? ?????????????. ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????????????????. ??? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ? ????????? ???????????. ???????????? SSD ?? ????????? ? ???????? ???????: ? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????; ? ?????????? ?????????? ??????; ? ??????????????????: ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? 270 ??/?; ? ?????? ???????????? ????????; ? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ????????????; ? ??????? ???????????? ?????????; ? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????; ? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?? ???????????? ??? ????????????; ? ????? ?????? ? ???. 2.6 ????-?????????? ????-?????? (????. Flash-Memory) ? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????? ???????????????? ??????. ??? ????? 53 ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???, ?? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????????? ????? ??? (??????????? ? ????? ???????? ??????). ?????????????? ????-??????, ????????????? ????? 100 ????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????? ??????, ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? CD-RW. ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????, ??? ???, ? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????, ????? ??????? ? ?????????. ????????? ????? ????????????, ????????? ? ??????? ????????????????? ????-?????? ?????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? (???. 2.6 ? 2.7). ???. 2.6 ? ????????????? ???? ????-??????????? ???. 2.7 ? USB-????-?????????? ????-?????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???????????? ? ????????? ????????, ?????????? ????????. ? ???????????? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ????????, ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???. ????????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????, ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????????. ? ?????? ????-?????? ???? NOR ????? ???-?? ???????, ?????? ??? ? ??????????? ? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????. 54 ?????????? ????? ??? ???????: ??????????? ? ?????????. ????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?? 10 ???. ? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ? ?????. ??? ???????????????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ? ????????? ?????????? ??????. ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????????? ? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????, ??? ? ????? ?????????. ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? Ф??????╗ ?????? ????-????? ? ??? ????????????, ??? ???????????? ??? ??????. ???????????????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????????????????: ?????????? ????-?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????. ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????, ? ????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ????????? (???????????) ?? ?????. ? NOR-??????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????, ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????. ??? ???????? ???????? ? ??????? NAND-???????????. ? ?????? NAND-???? ????? ?-?? ???????. ??????? ?????? ????? ??, ?? NOR-???? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ? ?? ??????????. ? ?????????? ??? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ? ????????? NAND-???? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????. ????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??????. NAND ? NOR-??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ?? ??????????? ???? ? ??????, ????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????-??????, ???????????? ? ??????????? ???????????: Compact Flash ? ????? ?????? CF ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????-??????. ?????? CF ????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? SanDisk ? 1994 ?. ???? ????? ? ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ? ???????????????? ????- ? ?????????????????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? (43О36О3,3 ??) ???? ?????????? ??? Compact Flash-???? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????????? ??? MP3-???????. Multimedia Card. ????? ? ??????? MMC ????? ????????? ?????? ? 24О32О1,4 ??. ??????????? ????????? ?????????? SanDisk ? Siemens. MMC ???????? ?????????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ? ??????- 55 ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????. ? ??????????? ??????? ????? MMC ?????????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? SD. MMCmicro ? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ? ????????? 14О12О1,1 ??. ??? ??????????? ????????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? MMC ?????????? ???????????? ??????????. SD Card (Secure Digital Card) ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? MMC. ?? ???????? ? ??????????????? ????? SD ????? ?????? ?? MMC, ?????? ???? ????? (32О24О2,1 ??). ???????? ??????? ?? MMC ? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????: ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ???????????????????? ???????????, ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ??????. SDHC (SD High Capacity). ?????? ????? SD (SD 1.0, SD 1.1) ? ????? SDHC (SD 2.0) (SD High Capacity) ? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ????????, 2?4 ?? ??? SD ? 32 ?? ??? SDHC (??????? ???????). ?????????? ?????? SDHC ??????? ?????????? ? SD, ?? ???? SD-????? ????? ????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????? SDHC, ?? ? ?????????? SD ????? SDHC ?? ????? ???????? ?????. ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???????????? ? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? (???????????, mini ? micro). MiniSD (Mini Secure Digital Card) ?? ??????????? ???? Secure Digital ?????????? ???????? ????????? 21,5О20О1,4 ??. ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ? ???????????, ?????????? ??????? SD-??????, ???????????? ???????. MicroSD (Micro Secure Digital Card) ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ????-?????? (11О15О1 ??). ???????????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????????, ?????????????? ? ?. ?., ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????, ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ???????. Memory Stick Duo. ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ? ?????????????? ????????? Sony. ?????? ?????????? ???????. ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????????. Memory Stick Duo ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????????????? ????????? Memory Stick ?? ??? ?? Sony, ?????????? ?????? ????????? (20О31О1,6 ??). Memory Stick Micro (M2). ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? microSD (?? ???????????? ???????), ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????? Sony. 56 иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???-??????, ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????-??????????? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????????? 57 3 ???????????? ?????????? 3.1 ???????????? ?????????? ? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????? ????????? ??????????. ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ? ??????, ???????? ?????????? ???????????, ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????, ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????????, ? ????? ??? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ? ?????????. ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????? (??), ???????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????, ????????? ??? ???????? ? ???????????? ? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ??????-??????? ? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? [13]. ????????????, ??? ???????, ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ? 60-? ??. XX ?., ????? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????????????, ??????? ???????????? Ф?????╗, ? ????????? ??????????, ? ???????? ???????????????????, ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????, ?. ?. Ф?? ?????????╗. ?? ??????????? ?? ????????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????, ??? ? ??????? ? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ? ??? ?????????????? ? ????????? ???????? ???? [13] (???. 3.1). ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ???. 3.1 ? ????????? ??????????: ?? ? ??????????? ?????????; ?? ? ???????? ????????? ??????, ??????????: ???????? ??????????, ????, ??? ? ??? (BIOS) ???????????? ?????????? (????. peripheral device) ? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? 58 ??????????????? ??????????, ??????????????? ??? ????? ?/??? ?????? ?????????? ? ????????? ? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????. ??? ???? ??????? ???????????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ???????????? ?????????? (??) ? ??? ??????????, ?????????????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????/??????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????????: 1) ?????????? ?????; 2) ?????????? ??????; 3) ?????????? ?????-??????; 4) ?????????? ???????? ??????. ??? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????, ???????, ??? ???????, ??????? ? ???????????????, ?. ?. ???????????? ??????????? [14. ?. 175]. ????????? ??, ?????????? ???????????, ??????????? ? ????? ??????? ? ??????????? (????????, ??????? ????, ???????? ?????, ??????? ?????), ? ??????, ?????????? ????????, ? ??? ??????? (????????, ??????????, ????, ???????) ? ???????????? ? ???? ? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ??????????. 1. ?????????? ?????: ??????????, ???????????? ????, ????????? ?????? (??????), ??????????? ???????, ?????? ???????????, ??????????? ????????? ? QR-????, ??????? ??????????? (????????), ???????, ?????????? ????????????? ???????, ??????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ? ?????????? ???????, ???????? ????, ????????, ???????? ??????, ???-??????, ??-?????, GPS-?????? ??????????????. 2. ?????????? ??????: ??????? (???????, ?????), ????????, ???????, ???????, ????????, ????????????, ?????????????????? ?????????? (???), ???????????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? (???), 3D-???????. 3. ?????????? ?????/??????: ????????? ?????, ??????????????????? ??????????, ??????????????, ??????? ???????????? (?????), ?????? ??-?????, ?????? ????? Wi-Fi, ?????? ????? Bluetooth, ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? RFID (?????, ???????, ?????????? ??????????), ???????? ??????? ?????????? NFC (? ??? ????? ?????), ??- 59 ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? (????, ?. ?. ????), ??????????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???? Wi-Fi ??? Bluetooth (???. 3.2). ???. 3.2 ? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????? ? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? (??????) 4. ?????????? ???????? ??????: ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? (???, ROM), ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? (????, Ф?????????╗, HDD ? ???????? ??????? ??????), ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? (????, FDD ? ??????-????????), ??????????????, ????????????? ???? (SSD), ?????????? ????????? CD/DVD/Blu-ray, ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????. ????????? ?????? ? ??????, ?. ?. ????????? ? ?????????? ??????????, ? ?????, ?? ???????? ?????????? ? ? ???? ????? ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??????????. ???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????, ??????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ???????. ????????? ? ????? ???????, ???????????? ? ??????? ????????????? ???? ??????? [7]. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ????????? (????. interface) ? ???????????? ??????? ? ??????, ?????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ? (???) ???????? [4]. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии 60 ????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ????, ??????????? ? ?????????? ???????????????. ????????? ? ??? ???????????? ??????? ? ??????, ?????????????? ??????????????: 1) ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? (?????????? ?????????); 2) ????? ??????????? (??????????? ?????????); 3) ????? ??????????? ? ??????????? (?????????-??????????? ?????????); 4) ????? ????????? ? ??????????? (????????-???????? ?????????). ??? ??????????? ?????????????? ?? ??????? 3.3. ??????? (????????????) ????????? ????????????, ?. ?. ????????-???????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???. 3.3 ? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ????? ????? ????????-????????? ??????????, ??? USB HID (human interface device) class. USB HID class ? ??? ????? USB-?????????, ???????????? ? ??????????, ??? ?????????????? ? ?????????. ? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????????, ??? ??????????, ????, ??????? ??????????. ????, ????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????, ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????/??????. ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???: ?) ????????? ????, ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????; 61 ?) ????????? ??? ?????/??????, ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????? ? ??????????? ????? ???? (???. 3.4). ?? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??/??? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???. 3.4 ? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ? ????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ? ????? 1 (??. ???. 1.7), ???? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????, ??? ? ?? ??? ?????????. ? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? Ф?????-?????╗, ???????????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????????, ????, ???????? ????? ? ??? ?? ??????? ????????, ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????. ???????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ? ?????????? ??? ???????. ?????? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ???, ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? (???????) ?? ????????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????, ??????????????? ???????? ????????? (???????). ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????, ?????????? ?? ??????? 3.5. ??? ????? ?? ????? (???. 3.5), ??? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????? ?????/?????? ??????????, ?. ?. ??????? ?????? ????. ?????, ? ???? 1 ??????????? ????? ??????????? (?. ?. ????????), ??????? ??????? ?????? (????) 2, ? ???????? ??? ? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????. ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????-??????????? ???????????, ?. ?. ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????. 62 1 2 ???. 3.5 ? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ???? ?????/??????: 1 ? ?????????? ?????? (????); 2 ? ??????? ?????? (????) ??????? (????. driver) ? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????, ? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? (???????????? ???????) ???????? ?????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????, ???????? ?????????????, ??????????. ?????? ? ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????, ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????. ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? (????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????) ????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????, ?????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????????. ? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????????????????? ? ??????????? ????????????, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? (????????, ??????? ????????, ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ? ????), ????????????? ??????????? ???????, ?? ????????? ? ??????????? ???????????? (????????, /dev/zero ? Unix, ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????), ???? ?? ?????? ?????? (????????, /dev/null ? Unix ? NUL ? DOS/Windows). ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????, ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????: 1) ?????????? ???? ?????/??????; 2) ??????????? ?????????; 3) ??????? ?????, ? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????????. 3.2 ?????????? ??????????. ???? ?????????? ??? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???, ?? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ?? ???. ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ?????, 63 ????? ??? ? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????. ???? PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) ???????? ???????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? (??). ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? (???. 3.6) ? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?? PCI Express. ?????, ???????????? ? PCI-?????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????, ????? ???? ??????????: ??????? ? ???????? ?????, ?????????? ??????, ?????????????? ?????, ????? ??? USB, RS-232, LPT ? ??????, ????? ??-???????, ??????????? ??????????. ???????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? PCI???? ??-?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???????????. ???. 3.6 ? ????? (???????) ???? PCI ???? PCI Express (???. 3.7) ???? ??????????? Intel ? 2004 ?. ? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ???? PCI ?????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? AGP. ??? ???? ???? PCI Express ?? ?????????? ??????, ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ????????, ? ???????? ??????????? ???? Ф?????-?????╗, ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? PCI, ? ????? ???????????????? ?????????? ????????, ?????????? ?? ???????????????? ???????? ??????. ????? PCI Express ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????, ??? ????? PCI, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????????????? ?????????. ???. 3.7 ? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? PCI Express(?????? ????: ?4, ?16, ?1, ?16). ????? ? ??????? 32-????????? ???? ???? PCI 64 ???? PCMCIA (??? ?? ?????????? PC Card) ???????? ????? ????, ???????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????. ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? PCMCIA, ??????? ??????????? ???????? PCMCIA, ?. ?. Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???????????). ????????????? ???? PCMCIA ???? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????????, ?? ??????? ???????? ? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????????. ????????? ???????????? ? ????? PCMCIA ???????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ? ??????? ?????. ???? AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ???? Ф?????-?????╗ ??? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ? ??????????? ????? ??????????. ??? ???? ????????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????????? 3D-??????? (???. 3.8). ?????? ? ????????? ????? ???? AGP ??????????? ????? PCI Express. ????????? ????? ? ????? AGP ??? ??? ????????, ?? ?????????? ????? ?????????????????. ???. 3.8 ? ???? ???? AGP 3.3 ??????????? ????????? (????????, ?????) ?????????? (????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????) ? ??? ????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ??????????? ? ????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????? (???. 3.9). ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????, ??-?????, ??????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ??????. ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????. ??? ???????? ? ???? ??????????? ????????? (GPU), ??????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????????? ??????????????, ???????????????? ??? 3D-?????????? ???????; ? ????? Video BIOS, ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ??????????, ??????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ? ??????. ???? ?????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????, ??? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? (RAM), ? ???- 65 ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? Video RAM. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????????????? ?? 128 ?? ?? 2 ??. ?????????? ????? ????? RAM-DAC (Random Access Memory ? ?????-?????????? ???????????????), ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ????????, ???????????? ??????????? ??????????, ? ?????????? ??????, ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????. ?, ???????, ??? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? HD15 (??????????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ???????? ? VGA, D-sub15), ??????? DVI, HDMI, S-Video, ? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ?????. ?) ?) ???. 3.9 ? ?????????? (?) ? ????????? ????? ??????? HD15 (D-sub15, VGA) (?) ???????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????? ??????????, ??????? ???????????? ???? ? ????? ???????? ???????? ?/?? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ????????. ?????????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????????, ????? ??? ??????????? ??????????, ?????????????? ????? ??? ?????, ???????????; ???????? ? ???????????. ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????, ? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????????. ??????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????? ??????????, ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???? (???. 3.10). ??? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??????????. ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????, ?? Ethernet ? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????????. ?????? ??????? Ethernet-????? ????? ?????????? 48-?????? ???????? ?????, ?????????? MAC-??????? (????????????????? ?????????? ???????), ??????? ???????? ? ???, ?????????????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ???? (UTP) ??????? 66 ?????, ????????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????????? RJ-45, ? ????? ???????? LAN-??????. ???. 3.10 ? ??????? ????? 3.4 ??????? ??????????? (?????) ??????????? USB (Universal Serial Bus) ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? (???. 3.11). USB-????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????. ??? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ????, ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????????????. ?? ??????????? ???? USB ???????? ???????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????????. ???. 3.11 ? ????????? USB-??????????? ??????????? Firewire (????? ????????? ??? IEEE-1394 ??? iLINK ??? Sony) ???????????? ????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????????????? ????? ? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ???????, ????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? (???. 3.12). Firewire ??????? ???????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????????. ?? ??? ?????? ? ???????? High Definition Audio-Video Network Alliance (HANA) ? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ? A/V (?????/?????) ??????????? ????? ? ??????????. ????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????????????. 67 ???. 3.12 ? ?????? Firewire ??????????? PS/2 ???????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ? ???? ? ??????????. ?????????? ?????????? ? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ? ??? ???????? ????????, ??? ?????? ? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????, ????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????. ???? ???? PS/2 ???????????? ? ????? ?????????? PS/2, ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? (???. 3.13). ?) ?) ?) ?) ???. 3.13 ? ??????? ???????????? ?????: ?) ????????????????; ?) PS/2 (???? ? ??????????); ?) ???????????? (???????); ?) ??????? (????????, MIDI-????) ???????????????? (serial) ? ???????????? (parallel) ????? (??. ???. 3.13). ??? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?????????? (???????????? ?????/??????) ? ??????? ????????? ?????? (????????? ??????) ????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ???????????????? ???????? ??????. ???????????? ???? (??. ???. 3.13) ?????????????, ??? ??? 8 ??? (?. ?. 1 ????) ???????????? ? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????, ? ???????????? (???????????) ???, ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????, ???? ??????????? ??????, ?????????????? ? ??????? ????????????? ??????????, ???????? ?????? ????????. ?? ??????????? ?????, ??? ???????????????? ?????? ????, ????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????. 68 ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? Centronics, ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? Centronics. ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ? IEEE-1284. ???????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? LPT (Line Printer). ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?? LPT1, ? ?????? ? ??? ?? LPT2. ?????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ??????: ???????????, ??? ? ???. ??????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?? ? ????????, ??? ???????? ? ????????????? ????? ?????. ?? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? 120 ?? 200 ?????/?. ???? ??? ???????? ???????????????, ?. ?. ???????????? ???????????? ???????? 8 ??? ?????? ? ????? ???????????? ? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??????. ???? ??? ???????? ? ????????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????, ???? ???????????? ??, ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????, ??????????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????, ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???????. ??????????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ? ??????? ? ???????, ????? ?????????. ??? ????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? 2 ????/?. ???? ???, ??????? ????? ????????????? ????? ???, ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????? RLE (Run Length Encoding), ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????: ???? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ??????, ? ?????? ? ????? ??????????. ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? (????? ?????????? ????????), ??? ? ????????? (?????? ?????). ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????????, ??????? ?????, ???????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????? ?? ? ?? ????????????. ??? ????? ???? ???????????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ???, ??? ? ?????????. ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????????. ????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????????, ?????????????? ????? ?? ???? ??????????. 69 ???????????????? ???? (??. ???. 3.13) ???????????? ????? ???????: ????????? ???? ???????????? (??? ???????????) ??????????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????????????, ????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ????????. ??? ???????????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ????, ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ???????????????? ???????? ??????. ? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ????????????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????????: RS-232 (RS-422, RS-465). ??????? ????????????????? ??????????, ?. ?. ???-????? ?? ??, ???????????? ????? D-sub 9-?????????? (?????) ??? D-sub 25-?????????? (?????). ??? ???????????? ????? ????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??? ??????????????? ???????, ?. ?. ???????, ??? ????? ?????????????? ????? ???????: ???????? ??????, ?????? ??????, ???????? ???????? ? ?. ?. ?????? ???????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????, ????? Windows ????????????? ????? ???????????. ??????? ?????, ????????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ??????????? ??????? ???????????? (??????) ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? (???. 3.14). 8 6 1 3 2 4 5 7 9 ???. 3.14 ? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????: 1 ? ???? (?????? PS/2); 2 ? ?????????? (?????? PS/2); 3 ? LAN-?????? (RJ-45) ??? ???? Ethernet 100BASE-T 8P8C; 4 ? USB; 5 ? ?????? ????????????????? COM-????? (RS-232) 9-??????????? (DB-9); 6 ? ?????? ????????????? LPT-????? ??? ???????? 25-??????????? (DB-25); 7 ? ?????? ???????? ? ?????????? VGA (?. ?. D-sub); 8 ? ???????? / MIDI (15 ?????????); 9 ? 3,5-?? ?????: ???????? ?????; ???????? ????; ???????? (????) ? ???????????? ?? ?????????????? PC98 ? ??99 [8] ???????????? ??????????, ???????????? ? ??, ? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????, ???????????? ?? ??????? 3.15 [13]. 70 ???. 3.15 ? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ? ?????????? [8, 13] 3.5 ???????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ? ????? 2 ?????????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ?????????? (??. ??. 2). ???? ? ?? ?? ???? CD- ? DVD?????????? ????? ???? ??? ???????????, ??? ? ????????. ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? CD-ROM (?????? ??? ??????), ? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????-?????? (CD-RW), ?? ??????? ???????? CD-RW ???????????? ? USB-????? ? ???????? ????? ??? ??, ??? ??????????. ??? ?? ??????????? ? ??? ??????? DVD-??????????, Blu-ray ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ??????. ????-?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????, ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????????, ? ??????? ?????? ???????????. ?????? ?????????????? ????? USB-??????, ?? ????? ???? ? ? ???? ??????? ????-???? ???? SD, miniSD ??? microSD (TF). ????-?????????? USB ???????? ????????, ??????????????????, ????????????????? ? ????????????. ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? 64 ?? ?? 32 ?? ??? ?????. ????-?????????? ???????????? ????? ????????????????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ????????????? ???????, ? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????, ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ??????????????. ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? (????) ????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ????????????. ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????, ??? ??????????? 71 ????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??. ??????? ??????? ?????, ??? ? ????-??????????, ?????? ?????? ???? ? ????????. ??????? ????, ??? ???????, ???????????? ????? USB-??????, ?? ???????? ? ????????? ???????? ?????, ???????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ? ????. ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ? ?. 3.1. ?????? ?????????? ???????????. 1. ?????????? ????? иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ?????????? ????? ? ??? ??????????, ?????????? ??????, ????????? ??? ??????? ? ?????????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????. ???????? ?????????? ?????: ??????????; ???? (? ???????? ??????????: ????????, ???????? ? ?. ?.); ????????? ?????; ????????; ???????? ??????; ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????; ??????; ??????????. ?????? ? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????, ????? ???? ???????? ? ???????. ?????????? (????. digitizer) ? ??? ?????????? ??????????, ?????????????? ???? ?????????? (? ??? ????? ? ????????????) ??? ??????????? (3D???????????) ??????????? ? ????????? ? ???? ????????? ???????. ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????. ?????? ????????? 3D-??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???????????, ??????????, ???????????, ???????????, ?????????????? ??????? ??????????. ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ????????. ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????: ??????????????; ????????????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??????????????? ??????????????? ????????? (???); ?????????? ??????????????, ???????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????????; ??????? ????????????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? (?? ?????? ?? ????????). ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????. 72 ??????????? ??????? (?? ????. graphics tablet ??? graphics pad, drawing tablet, digitizing tablet) ? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????????, ????????? ???????, ??????????????? ? ?????????. ??????? ?? ???? ? ???????? ????????, ??????????????? ? ??????? ??? ???????? ????. ????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? (???. 3.16). ???. 3.16 ? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????????, ????????? ? ???????? ????? ???????? ????, ???????? ????????? ?????, ??????????? ?? ?????????? ???????????. ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????: ?????????, ???-?????? (???. 3.17), ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????????. ???. 3.17 ? ???-?????? 2. ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??????????. ???????? ????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ????????? ????? (??? ?????????? ??), ????????????, ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????-??????. ??? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? (??. ?. 4.1) ? ????????. 73 ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????????. ???????? ?? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??????: 1) ????????; 2) ????????????????; 3) ??????????. ?????????????? ???????? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????, ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??????, ? ?? ? ????? ????????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????. ????????????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ????????: 1. ??????? (impact). 2. ?????????? (non-impact). ????????????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ??????: 1. ?????????. 2. ????????. 3. ????????. 4. LED-????????. 5. ? ?????????????? ???????? ???????. 6. ? ????????????????. 7. ? ?????????? ???? ?????????. ????????? ????????. ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? (impact dot matrix) ???????? ????????? ???????: ???????????? ??? (??? ??? ????) ???, ??? ??????????, Ф???????????╗ ????????? ? ????? ????? ? ??????, ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ?? ????????. ????? ??????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? (????????????) ????????? ????????. ?????? ????????? ???????-????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????? ???, ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? 1 500 ????? ? ??????. ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ? ????????????, ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????????, ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ? ????? ??????. ? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????????. ???????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????. ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????. ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????. ????????????????, ??????????, ?????????, ????????, ?????????? (liquid ink jet) ????????, ? ???? ???????, 74 ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? (continuous drop, continuous jet) ? ??????????? (drop-on-demand) ????????. ????????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? ???? Ф???????????╗ ?????????? (bubble-jet ??? thermal inkjet), ???? ??????????? (?iez? ink-jet). ? ?????????? ?????????, ???, ???????, ? ? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????????????? ?????????, ? ?????? ???????? ???????????. ????? (????????? ?????????) ?? ?????????? ???????, ????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????, ????????????? Ф???????╗ ?????. ?????????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ???????, ????? ????????????? ?? 12 ?? 64. ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???? (?????? ????????????? ??????), ? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ????? (???? ??????? ?? ???????????? ?? ??????). ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? 720 ????? ?? ????. ???? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??????, ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? (??????). ?? ???????? ? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ??? ?? ?????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????, ?? ??? ?????-????? ?????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????. ???????? ????????. ? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????. ???? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ? ???? ?????????????? ? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????. ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????, ?????????? ?? ??????. ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? (?????????? ???????), ????????????????? ????? ? ???????????? ??????-???????????? ???????, ???????????? ???. ? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ?????, ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????, ??????? ?????????????? ??????? (PostScript, TrueType), ????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ?. ?. ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????????????, ??? ???????? ????????. LED-????????. ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? LED-???????? (Light Emitting Diode), ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??-?? ????, ??? ????????????????? ????? ? ??? ??? ??????? Ф?????????╗ ?????????? ???????????. ? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ? ????. 75 ???????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????????????? (thermal wax transfer) ??????? ? ???, ??? ??????????????? ???????? ????????, ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????, ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ?????, ??? ??????????????? ?????????? (????????? ????? ? ???) ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????. ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????, ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??, ??? ??????????? ???? ? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????: ???? ??? ?????? ? ??? ????. ??? ? ??????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????????, ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ? ?????????????? ???????????, ? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ? ???????????? (???????????????? ????????). ????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????, ????????????? ????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????. ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????????. ???????? ? ???????????????? ?????????. ???????? ? ???????????????? (dye sublimation) ?????????? ??????????, ???????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????????, ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????????. ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????. ????? ???????, ?????? ????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????????. ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????, ? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ? ????? ???????? ??????. ? ?? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ?????????????. ???????? ? ?????????? ???? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????????? ???? ?????????, ??? ? ??????? ?????????? (phase change ink-jet, ??? solid ink-jet), ???????? ?????????. ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ??????????. ????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???????, ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????????. ????? ?????????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????, ?? ???????????? ??????????? ? ??? ?????????. ? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? (liquid ink-jet) ? ?????? 76 ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????????????, ?? ??????????, ?? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? ????????, ???????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???? ?????????, ???????? ? ????? ???????. ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????, ? ???? ?? ????????? ? ???????????? ??????. ??????????? ??????? ??????. ??? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????????, ??????????? ??? ??????????? ??????, ? ????? ???????? ? ???????????????? ????????? (dye sublimation) ? ? ?????????? ???? ????????? (phasechange ink-jet). ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ???????????? ??????? ????????????????. ? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? RGB ??? ?????? CMYK. 3.6 ??????????????? ??????????????? ? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????, ??????? ????????: 1) ???????; 2) ???????????? (??????????, ??????????? ?????) ?????? ? ??????????? ??????????? (GPU) ? ????????????; 3) ?????????; 4) ????? ??????????????? ????????-?????????, ???????????? ? ????????? ? ????????? ??? ? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ??????? ? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ???? ? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???, ????? ?????????? ????????? ? ? ??????. ??????? ? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????, ??????????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????. ??????? ???????: ? ?? ?????? (???????); ? ????? ???????; ? ???? ??????????; ? ???????. ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ? ???????????? ??????????, ???????????? ??????????? (? ?????????? ? ??????????). ? ????????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ? ?????????. ????????????? ????????? ??????????????: ? ?? ???? ??????; ? ?? ??????????? ??????; 77 ? ?? ???? ????????????? (???????); ? ?? ???? ????????????? ??????. ????????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????: ? ???-??????? ?? ?????? ??????????-??????? ?????? (????. Cathode Ray Tube, CRT) (???. 3.18, ?); ? ?? ? ???????????????????? ??????? (????. Liquid Crystal Display, LCD) (???. 3.18, ?); ? OLED ? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? OLED (????. Organic LightEmitting Diode ? ???????????? ??????????????? ????, ????); ? ?????????? ? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? (????. Plasma Display Panel, PDP, gas-plasma display panel); ? ???????? ? ??? ????????????? ? ?????, ??????????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ? ????? ??????? (??? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????) ? ???????????? ?????????; ? ????????? ????? (???????????, ?????????) ? ??????? ? ???????????? ????? ??????. ?) ?) ???. 3.18 ? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? (?) ? ?? (?) ????????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ? ????????. ????????? ?????? Ф???????????:?????????╗ (? ???????? ????????): ? 4:3 (???????????); ? 16:9 ??? 16:10 (???????????????); ? 25:16 ? ??. ?????? ????????? ?????? ? ?????? (1 ???? = 2,54 ??): 15 (38 ??); 17 (43 ??); 19 (48 ??); 21 (53 ??); 22 (56 ??); 24 (61 ??); 26 (66 ??); 30 (76 ??); 32 (81 ??). ????????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????????????? (???????): ? VGA (640?480); ? SVGA (800?600); 78 ? HD 720 (1280x720); ? Full HD 1080 (1920x1080) ? ??. ??????? ???????????????? ????????? ? ??????? 3.1. ??????? 3.1 ? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? VGA SVGA HD 720p Full HD 1080p UXGA 640О480 800О600 1280О720 1920О1080 1600О1200 4:3 4:3 16:9 16:9 4:3 307,2 ????? 480 ????? 921,6 ????? 2,07 ????? 1,92 ????? WXGA++ 1600О900 16:9 1,44 ????? Super Hi-Vision 7680О4320 16:9 33,17 ????? ???????????? (??????????). ?????? ???????????? ????????????? (???. 3.19): 1) ??????????? ????????? (Graphics Processing Unit, GPU ? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????); 2) ???????????????; 3) ???????????; 4) ?????-?????????? ??????????????? (???, RAMDAC ? Random Access Memory Digital-to-Analog Converter); 5) ?????-??? (Video ROM); 6) ??????? ??????????. ???. 3.19 ? ?????????? Geforce 4200 79 ??????????? ????????? ???????????? (GUI), ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???????? 1990-? ??., ???????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????. ??????????? ?????????? (graphics accelerator) ? ??? ????????????, ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????. ??????? ? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??, ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? (GUI) ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????, ? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ? ??????? ????? ? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????. ??????????? ????????? (????. graphics processing unit, GPU) ? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? (?????????????) ??? ??????? ?????????, ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????. ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ???????. ????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????????. ??????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ??????????? ??? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????????, ??? ? ? ??????????????? ???????? (?????????? ? ???????? ???? ???? ? ????????? ?????????). ??????????? ? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??????, ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????, ??????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ???? ? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? (???????? ????), ??? ? ????????? ????????? ??? ? ????????? (????????), ??? ? ? ????????? (??????????????, ? ????????? ????????????) ??????. ??? ???????, ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ? ?????????? ???????? ?????, ? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????, ??????? ??????????? ? ??????????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????. ??? ???????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? GDDR3. ?? ????? ?? ?????? GDDR4, ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????, ??? GDDR3; ?????? GDDR4 ?? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? Ф???? ? ??????????????????╗ ? 80 ??????????? ?????????????? ???? ? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? (????????, Radeon X1950XTX, HD 2900 XT, HD3870). ????? ????????? ?????? GDDR5, ??????? ?? ????????? ?? 2012 ?. ???????? ???????? ????????, GDDR3 ???????????? ? ????????? ????????. ??????????? ?????????? ?? Ф???????╗ ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????????? ? ?????? ????. ??????????? ???? ?????? ? ??????????, ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????????. ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? (??????) ? ??????? ???????? (??????). ?????????? ???????????. ??? ???? ???????? ????? (?. 3.3), ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ? AGP ??? PCI Express. ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ??????? ?????. ????????????? VGA ? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? VGA (15-?????????? D-sub ????????????) (???. 3.20). ??????? ?????? ?????? VGA-????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? (9-??????????) ??? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??????????. ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ?? ????? ?????????????. ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? S-Video (???. 3.20). ???. 3.20 ? ????? ??????????????? (????? ???????): 9-?????????? ?????? S-Video TV-out, DVI ? D-sub ??????????? ?????????? RCA (?. ?. ????? RCA-?????? Ф???????╗ ??????? ?????). ?????????? ???????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? RCA. ???????????? ???????????? ?????? (???. 3.21) ???????? ???????????? ??? ????????????: ??????????, ??????? ? ?????????, ?????? ? ?????????? ???????????, ??? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? Y-Pr-Pb ?????????? ? ????? ???????????? ?? ???? RCA-???????? (???. 3.21), ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????. 81 ???. 3.21 ? ????? ???????????????: ??????????? ?????????? (?????); ???????????? ?????????? Y-Pb-Pr (??????) ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? DVI ??? HDMI ????????? ????? (???. 3.22). ???. 3.22 ? ????? ???????????????: VGA, DVI, HDMI, S-Video ????? DVI (Digital Visual Interface) ? HDMI ???????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????????, ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? (?????? DVI ? ?????? D-Sub ? ?????????? ??????, ?????? HDMI ? ?????? DVID ? ???????? ??????, ??????? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? (????. High Bandwidth Digital Copy Protection, HDCP), ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ? ??????????????????? ???????????). ???? DVI-I ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????, ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? D-Sub (DVI-D ?? ????????? ????? ???????). ????????? HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface) ? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????????, ??????????? ??????????: 1) ???????? ?????; 2) ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ? ??????? ?? ???????????; 3) ?????????????? Ф?????????╗ ?????????? ?????????? ????????????. ?????? HDMI ???????????? ???????? DVI-?????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ??????? ??????????????? ???????. ???????? ???????? ????? HDMI ? DVI ??????? ? ???, ??? ?????? HDMI ?????? ?? ???????, ? ????? ???- 82 ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????. ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????, ????? ??? SCART ? RCA. ?????????????? HDMI ???????? ????????: Hitachi, Matsushita Electric Industrial (???? Panasonic) (Panasonic/ National/Technics/Quasar), Philips, Silicon Image, Sony, Thomson (RCA). HDMI ????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????. HDMI ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ?? 4,9 ?? 10,2 ????/?. ????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????????? 10 ?, ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?? 20?35 ? ? ????? ? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????????????????????, ??? ? ?????????????? ????? ? ??????. ????????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????? ? ? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ?????????? ??????????? ? HDMI ?? DVI ? ???????, ? ????? ????????????? ? ?????????? ????????????, ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????/???????. HDMI ???????????? ??????????? ????????? CEC ? ??????????? AV.link. ???? ?????? ??????? HDMI-CEC (CEC ? Consumer Electronics Control) ? ??????????????? ???????????????? ????, ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? AV.Link ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????. ???????????? ????????? ?????????? HDMI; ? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ФCEC Implementation Guidelines╗, ??????????? HDMI Licensing, LLC. ?????????? HDMI-CEC ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? (??????????, ???????? ??????????, HTPC ? ?. ?.), ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ? ?? ???????????? ???????????. ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????? HDMI-CEC ?? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? Toshiba, ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ????????? Toshiba. CEC ???? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?? ????????? SCART. ????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?? 10 ?????????. ?????????? CEC ? ???????? ?????. ?????????? CEC ????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????: Anynet+ (Samsung); Aquos Link (Sharp); BRAVIA Sync (Sony); HDMI-CEC (Hitachi); Kuro Link (Pioneer); CE-Link ? Regza Link (Toshiba); RIHD (Remote Interactive over HDMI) (Onkyo); SimpLink (LG); HDAVI Control, EZ- 83 Sync, ? VIERA Link (Panasonic); EasyLink (Philips); NetCommand for HDMI (Mitsubishi). DisplayPort ? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? (???. 3.23). ??? ?????? VESA (Video Electronics Standard Association) ? 2006 ?., ???. 1.1 ? ? 2007 ?., ? ???. 1.2 ? ? 2010 ?. DisplayPort ?????????????? ? ????????????? ? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????- ? ???????????????, ? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??? ?????????? ? ?????? ????????? ??????????. DisplayPort ????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ? ??? ????? ???????????????, USB????????????? ? ???? ?????????? ?????-??????. ???. 3.23 ? ????????? (?????) ? ????????? (??????) ????? ??????? DisplayPort ????, ? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? DVI ??? HDMI (???. 3.20, 3.22), ???? DisplayPort ? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? (????????? ?????????? ATi ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????). 3.7 ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ????????? ? ??????????????? ??????????? [14. ?. 175], ?? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ???????????? ???? ??????? (????. power supply unit, PSU ? ???? ???????, ??) ? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????????, ??????????????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????, ????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ??????????. ???????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? (???. 3.24) ????????? PC, ???????? ???????????? ATX 2.x, ?????? ????????- 84 ???? ???????? ??????????: ▒5 ?, ▒12 ?, +3,3 ?, ? ????? +5 ? ????????? ?????? (????. standby). ???. 3.24 ? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? IBM P? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? +3,3 ?, +5 ? ? +12 ?. ??????, ??? ???? ??????????, ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????. ????????????? ?????????? ??????? (?5 ? ? ?12 ?) ????????? ????????? ???? ? ? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????????????. ?????????? ?5 ? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????? ISA ??????????? ????. ??? ??????????? ?5 ? ??????????? ???? ? ATX ? ATX12V ?????? ?? 1.2 ????????????? ??????? 20 ? ????? ??????. ??? ?????????? (? ????? ??????? ? ??????) ?? ???????? ???????????? ??? ? ?????? 1.2 ? ????????? ??????????? ? ??????? 1.3 ? ??????. ?????????? ?12 ? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????????? ?????????? RS-232 ? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ??????????, ??????? ????? ????? ???????????. ?????????? ▒5 ?, ▒12 ?, +3,3 ? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????, ?????????? ????????, ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? +5 ? ? +12 ?. ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? +5 ?. ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????, ????? ??? ??????????, ??????????? ?????????, ???????? ????, ???????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ??? +5 ?, ??? ? +12 ?. ?????????? +12 ? ???????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????. ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? 12 ? ? 5 ? ????????????? ??? ??? 85 ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????, ??? ? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?????????? +3,3 ? ? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? +5 ?, ? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ▒5 ? ? +3,3 ?. ? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???????, ??????????? ?? ???????????? (???????????) ?????. ?????????? ? ???????????? ????? ???????. ?????? ???????????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? 3.25?3.27. ???. 3.25 ? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???. 3.26 ? ????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? 86 ???. 3.27 ? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? (ATX) ?? ?????? ???????: A ? ??????? ??????? ???????????, ???? ????? ??????? ??????; B ? ??????? ???????????? ????????????, ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????; C ? ?????????? ?????????????, ?????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????; D ? ???????? ????????? ????????????; E ? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????. ??????? ??????, ??????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????? ? ???????? ????. ????? ????, ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????????????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ?? ? ???? (??? ????? ???????? ? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????). ? ???????????? ??????? ? ????????? (? ???????) ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? (PFC), ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????. ??????? ?????????????? ????, ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????????????. ?????????????? ??????, ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????. ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????, ???????? +5 ? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ? +12 ? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???. ?????? ?? ???????? ? ???? ??????????????? ??????????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? (???? ? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? TL431 ? ???? ??, ???? ????????? ??????????????? 7805/7812 ?? ??????) ??? ?? (? ??????? ???????) ?? ?????????? ???? TOP Switch. ???????????????. ???????????? ??????????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????????????. ????? ?????????? ???????????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????????/ ???????? ???????? ??????????, ?????? ?? ?????????????????? ?????????? (TL494, UC3844, KA5800, SG6105 ? ??.). 87 ?????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????, ? ????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ????? (??????? ?? ????????, ? ?????, ??? ?????????????, ???????? ???? ?? ?????). ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????????. ???? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? PG (Power Good, Ф?????????? ? ?????╗), ?????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ????????? (??). ???????? ????. ???????? ???????????. ????????????? ? ????????????? ?????????? (5 ? 12 ?) ?????????? ???? ? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????????????, ? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ???? ? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ??????, ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????????. ???????? ?????????? ????????, ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ??? ??????? ? ????????????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ???, ???? ?? ??????-???? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ???, ??? ?????? ?????????? ? ???? ????, ???????? ????????? ????????????, ??? ?????????????, ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????. ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????, ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????. ???????? ??????????? ????????????. ???????? ???????????? ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????, ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????, ???????, ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????, ??????????? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????????????. ???? (?? ???? ?????) ??? ????????? (?? ????????? ?????, ?????? +5 ? ? +3,3 ?) ??????????? ?????????? 10?25 ?? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????. ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ? ???????? 3.2 ? 3.3. 88 ??????? 3.2 ? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? +12V 1DC ▒5% +11,40 +12,00 +12,60 ????? +12V 2DC ▒5% +11,40 +12,00 +12,60 ????? +5V DC ▒5% +4,75 +5,00 +5,25 ????? +3,3V DC ▒5% +3,14 +3,30 +3,47 ????? ?12V DC ▒10% ?10,80 ?12,00 ?13,20 ????? +5V SB ▒5% +4,75 +5,00 +5,25 ????? ??????? 3.3 ? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? 300 ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? +12V DC 1,0 18,0 18,0 ????? +5V DC 1,0 16,0 19 ????? +3,3V DC 0,5 12,0 ? ????? ?12V DC 0,0 0,4 ? ????? +5V SB 0,0 2,0 2,5 ????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ???????: 1. ??????? ???????????? ? ?????????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????. 2. ??????? ??? (65?70%). ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?????????? ?????????. 3. ????? ???????? ? ?????, ????????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????????? ????????, ??? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????, ????????? ????, ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? (????? ????????). 4. ????? ??????????????, ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????????????, ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????. 5. ??????????? ??????????? ? ????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????, ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ????. ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????, ???????????? ??? ????????? ????? ????, ? ?????? ? ?? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????????????. 89 ?????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????????: 1. ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????. ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????. 2. ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? MOSFET-????????????. ???????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ? ???? ??? ???????????? ????, ??? ? ?????????????? ????????????????. ??? ?????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ????? ??????? ? ?????????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? (100?150 ???). 3. ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????, ????????????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??. 4. ?? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???????. ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????. ????? ???????, ? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ▒5 ? ? 3,3 ? ? ??????? ????????? ???????????????? ?? ?????? 12 ?. ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????, ??????????? ????????? ?? ATX. ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? 13 (??????) ? 14 (???????) ? ???????, ???????????? ?? ????? (???. 3.28, 3.29), ??????? ???????????? ? ????????? ?????. ??? ???????, ????? ??????????, ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?? 5 ? (????????, ?????????? ??????? ????). ??????????? ?? ? 24-??????????? ????????? (???. 3.30) ??????????? ??????????. ???. 3.28 ? 24-?????????? ATX-??????, ? ???????? ????????? 4 ???????? ????? ???? ????????, ??? ??????????? ????????????? ? 20-?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? 90 ???. 3.29 ? ???????? 20-?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ?) ??? ?? ?????; ?) ??? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???. 3.30 ? 24-?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? (?), ?????????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? (?) ??????? ????? ???????. ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? (???. 3.31?3.34): 1) AMP 171822-4 ????-??????? ??? ??????? 5 ? 12 ? ????????????? ?????????? (??????, ????????); 2) Molex ???????? ??????? (molex 8981); 91 3) 5-?????????? ??????? MOLEX 88751 ??? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????????? SATA: ?????? MOLEX 675820000 ??? ????????????? ? ?????????? Molex 675810000 ??? ??????????????; 4) PCIe8 connector ??? ??????? ??????????, ???????????? ?? PCIe6 connector (??? ??????? ??????????); 5) PCIe6 connector ??? ??????? ??????????; 6) EPS12V (????. Entry-Level Power Supply Specification) ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????; 7) ATX PS 12V (P4 power connector) ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????; 8) ATX12V ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????: MOLEX 39-01-2040 ??? ????????????? ? ?????????? Molex 44476-1112 (HCS). ???. 3.31 ? ????? ??????? ??????? (?? ????? ???????), ??? ???????????? ? ????????? ???. 3.32 ? ?????? ??????? SATA ????????? ???. 3.33 ? ?????? ??????? IDE ????????? (??????????) ? ??????? ???? ???????????? (??????????? ? ?. ?.) 92 ???. 3.34 ? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????-????????? (3,5" ????????) ????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ??? ???????? (? ?????? ????????? ???????????) ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? (???), ??? ? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????????????. ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???? (???. 3.35). ???. 3.35 ? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????, ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ? ?? ????? ???????, ??? ???????, ?? ???????????????. ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????. ????????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? (?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????, ???????????? ???? ????????? ???????). ??????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????, ???? ?????????? ??????? ? ? ???????? ???????????. ??????????? ???????? ??????????: ?????? ??? 18,5 ? ??? 19 ?, ???? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????????? 15 ? ??? 16 ? (? ???????? ???????????); 19,5 ?; 20 ? ??? ???? 24 ? (Apple). ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ??? 3,16 ? (??? ?????? ?????); 3,42 A; 4,74 ?; 6,3 ?; 7,9 ?, ? ??????????? ?? ????, ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????. 93 ? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ? ????????????? (?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????? ? ???????? ??????????, ?? ??????????? 0,5 ?, ? ????? ??????????? ????????), ????? ??? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????. ??????????? ????? ????????????? ????? ???????, ???????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ??????????????. ????? ?? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? 3 иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии 1. ??? ????? ???????????? ??????????? 2. ??? ????? ???? PCMCIA ? ??? ???? ??? ?????????????? 3. ??? ????? ???? AGP ? ??? ???? ??? ?????????????? 4. ????? ????????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?? ??????????????? 5. ??? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?? ????????????? 6. ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? 7. ????? ????????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????. 8. ??? ????? ??????????? ??????????? 9. ??????????????? ???????????? Y-Pr-Pb ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????. 10. ??? ????? ?????????? HDMI-CEC, ??? ???? ??? ?????????????? 11. ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? 94 4 ??????????? ???????????? ??? ???? 4.1 ??????? ? ???? ???????????? ?????, ???????? ????????? ??????????????????? ?????????????? (????, CAD ? Computer Aided Design), ??? ?? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????????? (???????????? ??????????? ????), ??? ???????, ?? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????. ????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? [15]. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ???????, ??? ????????????????, ? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????????????? ???????????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????, ????, ????????, ???? ? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????, ???????? ?????? ??? ?????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ?? ??????? 4.1 ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???? ??-7051?, 1980?1983 ??. ???????? ???????????? 50 ??/?. ????????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????: ?????, ????? ? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????, ??????????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???. 4.1 ? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???? ??-7051? ???? (??????????????? ?????, ?. ??????, 2011 ?.) 95 ???????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ? 2D CAD-????????, ??? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????, ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????. ???????? ?? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????: 1) ?? ???????? (??????????); 2) ?????????? (???????). ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ????????? (??????) ? ??????? ??????, ??????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????????? X, a ? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? (???. 4.2). ? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????, ? ????? ????? ????????? ?????. ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????, ?? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????. ???. 4.2 ? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????-?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ? ?????????? (???. 4.1). ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????, ???????????? ?????????????? ?? ???? ???????????. ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ? ???, ??? ????????? ????????????, ??????????????? ???? ?????????????? ???????. ?? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ???? ? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ?????????? ?? ??????. ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????. ????? ????, ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????: 1) ?? ?????????; 2) ?????????, ? ?? ???? ????????? ???????????: 1) ?? ????????; 2) ????????. 96 ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????????? ????????????, ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????. ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????. ???????, ??? ? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ???????, ????????????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ??????????????????? ?????????? (???) ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ? ?????, ?? ? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????????? (????????, ???????, ??????????? ???????), ? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ? CAD-???????. ????? ????, ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????, ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ? ??????????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????????, ? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ? ???????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????? ???????? ? ?????? (????. ?utter ? ?????). ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ? ??????????? ?? ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ??????????. ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? (???. 4.3) ? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ? ????????? ?????????, ? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ???????, ????????? ???? ? ???????? ????????????? ????? ???????, ? ??? ???????? ???????, ???????? ???????????, ? ????????? ???? ? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????????, ? ????? ???? ???????????, ??? ????? ?? ? ??????? ??????. ???. 4.3 ? ??????? ???????/?????? Graphtec FC4510-60 97 ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????? (?????), ?????????????? ?????????? ? ?????? 1 ??? = 0,025 ?? = = 25 ???, ?? ???? 40 ?????/?? ??? 1016 ?????/????. ??????????? ???? HPGL [16]. HPGL (??? HP-GL) ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? Hewlett-Packard ? ?????? ????. ??? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language (??????????? ???? ?? ???????-???????). ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? Ф???????╗ ??????????? ??? ???? ?????????. ?????????????? ???? HPGL ?? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????. ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????, ???????????????? ? ???????. ? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? Ф??????╗, ????????? ? HPGL-??????, ?????? ???? ??????????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ????, ??? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????, ???????????????? ??????? ????????. ? ????? ? ???? ? ??????????? HPGL/2 ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????????? ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ????????? ???????????????? ?????? ????. ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????. ??? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ?? ????????. ????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????????. ???? HPGL ???????????? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ? ????????? ?? ??? ?????????????? ??????????. ????????, ???? (arc) ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????: AA 100,100,50; ??? AA ? ?????????? ?? Arc Absolute; 100, 100 ? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????; 50 ? ????????? ????, ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????????? ????????, ?????????????? ? ?????? ??????, ?????????? ???? ????????? ???? ? ?? ????????? ????? 5 ????. ?????? HPGL-????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????, ??????????????? ?????????, ? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????. ?????? HPGL-????? ???????? ? ??????? 4.1. ???????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????? ???????????????? (?. ?. ???, RS-232) ??? ???????????? (?. ?. LPT, Centronics, IEEE1284,) ?????, ? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? USB????. ????, ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????????, ??????????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????????????. ??? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????????, ????, ??????????? 98 ???????????? ????????????. ??????????? ???????????? ????????, ??????? ?????????????, ??????? ???????? ?????, ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????????. ???????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????, ?. ?. ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ? ?????????????, ? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????????. ? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????, ???????? ?? ???????????? ???????? [15]. ??????? 4.1 ? ???????? ????-??????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? IN ?????????????, ?????? ???????? ???????? IP ?????????? ????????? ?????, ? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? 0, 0 SC 0,40,0,40 ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?? 0 ?? 200 ????? ? ???????????? X ? ?? 0 ?? 100 ????? ?? Y (1 ?? = 40 ?????) SP 1 ???????? ???? 1 PU 0,0 ?????????? ???? ? ????????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? PD 100,0,100,100,0,100,0,0 (?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?4 ??????) PU 50,50 ????????? ? ?????????? ???? ? ??????? 50, 50 ????? CI 25 ?????? ?????????? ? ???????? 25 ????? SS ???????? ??????????? ????? DT*,1 ????????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? * ? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? (1 ? Фtrue╗) PU 1000,100 ????????? ? ?????????? ???? ? ??????? ? = 1 000 ?????, Y = 100 ????? LB Hello World* ?????? ??????? 4.2 ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? (????. Digital Manufacturing) ? ??? ???????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ? ???- 99 ????????? ???????????????? ??????. ??? ???? ? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? (????????, ? ???? ????????? ??? ?????????? CAD-????????), ?? ? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????????????, ? ????? ???????????????? ? ????????????? ????????. ????, ?????? ?????????????????? ???????????? (???), ????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? CAM (????. Computer Aided Manufacturing ? ???????????? ? ??????? ???????????), ? ??? ????????????, ?????????? ?? ??????????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ???????????. ???????? ??????????? ?????????? (???) ? ?????????????????? ??????? ??????????, ??????????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????????, ??????? ????????? ????????. ???????????? ? ??? ? ??? ??????, ???????????? ??????, ?????????????? ?????? ? ?. ?. ???????????? ??? ????????????? ???? ???????????? ? NC ? CNC, ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????: ? ??????? ???? NC (????. Numerical Control ? ???????? (????????) ??????????), ??????????? ???????, ??????????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????????, ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????????, ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ?????-???? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????, ??????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????????????; ????? ??????????? ??????? ???, ?????????? CNC (????. Computer Numerical Control), ? ??????? ??????????, ??????????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ?/??? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????????. ????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? CNC ???????? ???????????????? ?/??? ???????????????. ????????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ???????????? ? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????????????? ??????? (???), ???????, ? ???? ???????, ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????? (???) ? ????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ????? (???????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????), ???. ? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ? ???????? ???????? ????????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????. 1. ???? ???????????????? ?????????????? (???????????????). ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????????????? ?????????????? (????, CAD), ???????? ? Altium Designer (P-CAD), AutoCAD, ??????, Corel Draw ? ??. ????????? ? ??????????? ??? 100 ???? ??????? ? ???? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????????. ???????? ???????????. 2. ???? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????????? (???). ?????????? ??????????? ????????, ?????????? G-??? ??? ??????? ? ???. ???????????? ???-?????????, ???????? LazyCAM ? ?. ?. ???????? ????????-???????????. 3. ???? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????: ?) ???????????? (????. milling) ??????? ? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ????? (??); ?) ????????? (????. drilling) ????????? ??? ??????? ????????????????????? (???) ?? ??. ???????????? ???-???????, ???????? Mach3. ???????? ???????? ?????? ? ???. ?????? ???????????? ???? ?? ????????????? ???????? ?????, ????????????? ??????? ???????????????, ??????? ?? ??????? 4.4. ???. 4.4 ? ????? ???????????? ???? ?? ????????????? ???????? ?????: ???????? ????? ????? ??????????????? (??????); ???????? ????? ? ????? (?????) ????????? ??????????-?????????? ?????? ? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? 4.5. 101 ???. 4.5 ? ??????????? ????? ???????????????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????-????????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? 4.6. ???. 4.6 ? ????????-??????????? ?????? ? ???? ?????????? ?? (??????????) ??????????????? ???????? (???????? ?????) ? ??????? ?????????? (???????? ?????) ??? ????????-???????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? 4.7. ?) ?) ???. 4.7 ? ??????????????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????????: ?) ? ???????? ?????; ?) ? ???????? ????? 102 ???????, ??? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? X ? Y ???????????? ?? ??????? ??????????, ? ???? ? ?????????? (???. 4.8). ??? ????? ? ????, ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ????? ????? (???. 4.9, ?), ?? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? (???. 4.9, ?). ???. 4.8 ? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ????? ?????? 0 X+ Y+ X+ Y+ ?) ?) ???. 4.9 ? ?????? ????????? (?) ? ?????????? ???????? ????? (?) ? ???????? ? 2:1 ? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? (??????? ???????) ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????, ?????????? ?? ??????? 4.9, ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ??????????? G-????, ?????????????? ? ??????? 4.2. ? ?????????? ???????, ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ???, ??????? ? ???????????????? 3D-???????, ???????????? ? G-?????. иииииииииииииииииииииииии ?????? и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и ????? ???????, ??????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????????, ? ??? ????? ????????-??????????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????????? ???????????, ????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ??????????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии 103 ??????? 4.2 ? ??????????? G-???? F100 X0 Y12.5 ????????? ???????? ?????? G0 Z2 ???????? ??? ? ?????? M1 Z0 ???????? ?? ??????? 0 ?? G0 G1 Y10 X2.5 ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? Y ???????? ?? X X1.25 Y1.25 Z-0.2 Y7.5 X0 Y5 X2.5 Y2.5 X0 Y0 G0 Z2 X0 Y12.5 Z0 G1 X7.5 Y12.5 Y0 X0 G0 Z40 ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? 0 ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? 2 ?? ???????, ????? ???????????: ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????. ???????????????? ???????./?????????. ? 0,2 ?? ?????? ?? 2 ?? Z2 Y3.75 Z-0.2 Z2 Y6.25 Z-0.2 Z2 Y8.75 Z-0.2 Z2 Y11.25 Z-0.2 Z2 M5 M30 ???? ????????, ???? ????????? ?????. ?????? ?? 40 ?? 4.3 ???????????????? 3D-??????? ????? ?? ?????, ???????? ? ???? (CAD), ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????, ??? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????? ????????, ?????????? 3D-??????????, ??????? ????? ????? ????????????? ??? ??????????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ???????????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ??????? ???????????????? (????. rapid prototyping) ? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? (???????) ??????? ? ??????, ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????, ????????? ???????? ???????????, ???????? ??????????? ?????????, ?????????? ??????-?????? ??? ???????????? ?????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии 104 ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ? 80-? ??. XX ?. ? ??????????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? (??????????) ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ????????????. ?? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?? ???????????? ???????. ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?? CAD-?????? ??? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????. ??????????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? STL, ?????????? ?????????? ??-????? ??? ???????? ????????????????. ??????, ?????????? ? ???? ???????, ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ?-??????????. ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????????. ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???, ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? (???. 4.10). ?) ?) ?) ???. 4.10 ? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????????: ?) 3D-??????; ?) ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ????? (????????); ?) ???????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???? [15] ?????????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????????? ?????????: ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????????, ???????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ????, ? ????????? ????????? ????. ????? ???????, ???? ?? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????, ???????? ????????? ????? [15]. ???????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ? ?????? ??? ?????????. ???????? ????????????????, ????????? ? ??????? ? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? (????. Fused Deposition Modeling ? FDM). 3D-????????, ???????????? ????? ??????????, ?????????? ??????????. 105 ??????? ????????? ? ????????? 3D-???????? ???????? ?????????, ? ??????? ????????? ???????? (?????? ?? ???????? ????????). ? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ? ????????????? ?? ???????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????????????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????????. ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??????, ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????, ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ? ??????? ???????????. ?? ??????? 4.11 ?????????? ??????????? ????? 3D-????????, ??????????? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????. ???. 4.11 ? ??????????? ????? 3D-???????? RepRap Prusa Mendel v2.0 ??? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ABS ???? PLA-???????. ABS-??????? (??????????????????????????) ? ??? ???????, ??????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ???????????? ????????. ?????? ??? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????. ???????????? ????? ???????? ? ???, ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????. 106 PLA (??????????) ? ??? ?????????????? ???????, ??????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ??????, ??????????? ??????? ? ??. ?????? ??? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ????????. ????, 3D-??????? ? ??? ???????????? ??????????, ??? ???????, ???????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? 3D??????. ???????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????? ? ??????????????, ??? ???????, ??????? ??????????? ??????. ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????????, ? ??????????? ????????? ? ? ?????????? ????? ????????? 3D-??????. ??? ???? ????? ? ???????????? 3D-????????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ? ????????????? ???????????? ????????????. ?? ????????? ? ????????????? ??????? ?????, 3D-???????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? Ф???????? ??????╗, ???????????? ??????????? ????????, ???? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ??????????????? ?????????, ? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? Z Corporation. 3D-???????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????. ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? RepRap. ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????. ?????????????? 3D-??????? RepRap Prusa Mendel v2.0, ??????? ?????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ????????, ??????? ?? ???. 4.12. ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? 3D-????????? RepRap Prusa Mendel v2.0 ?????????????? ? ??? ?????: 1) ????????? ????????? USB-????? ??? ????????????? ?????????????? 3D-???????? ? ???????????; 2) ???????????????? ???????????????? ATmega 1284, ?. ?. ????????? ???????? ? ?? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????? ???????????????? (????) ????? ?????????? 3D-?????????. ????????? ???????? Marlin ? ???????????? ? ??????????? 3D-???????? ? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ???????????????? 3D-???????? ?????????????? ? ??????????????? ????? ?????????? Arduino 1.0.6. ?????????????? ???????, ?????????? ???????????? ?? 3D-????????, ????? ?????????, ????????, ? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????-3D (??????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????). ?????????? ????????? ????? ? .STL. 107 ???. 4.12 ? 3D-??????? RepRap Prusa Mendel v2.0 ???????????????? ?????????? 3D-????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ?????????, ???????? Repetier-Host V0.95F. ? ?? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????????????????, ? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????-???? ??????. ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?? 3D-???????? ?????????????? ? ??? ?????: 1) ????? ? ???????? ????? 3D-?????? (??????????? ?????? ? ??????? STL) ? ??????????? ?????????; 2) ?????????? ????????? 3D-?????? ??? ????????? ???????????? G????; 3) ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? (?????????? ??????). иииииииииииииииииииииииии ?????? и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и и ????, 3D-??????? ? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????, ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ????. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии 108 иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. иииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииииии ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ? ????????? ? ??????????? ??? ????? NC? ?????????? ??????? Ф??????? ????????????????╗. ?????? ??????????? ????? 3D-????????, ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ??? 3D-??????? 109 ?????????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????????, ??? ? ??? ???????????? ??????????, ? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ????. ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ? ??????????? ????????? ? ???????? ??????, ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ?????, ??????? ????????? ????, ? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??????????. ????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????, ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????. ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????, ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????????, ? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????, ?? ?????????? ??????, ? ????? ????????????? ? ????-??????????. ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?????????, ??????? ???????????????, ? ????? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????. ????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????, ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ? ??????????? ????????, ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????, 3D-????????. 110 ?????????? 1. ?????? ?. ?. ??????????? ??? ? ?????? : ????. ??????? ??? ????. ????? / ?. ?. ??????, ?. ?. ?????, ?. ?. ??????????. ? ?. : ?? Ф????????╗, 2006. ? 320 ?. 2. ??????? ?. ?. ??????????? ??? ? ?????? : ??????? / ?. ?. ???????, ?. ?. ??????? ; ??? ???. ?. ?. ??????. ? ?. : ?????? ???, 2008. ? 400 ?. 3. ????? ?. ?. ??????????? ??? ? ?????? : ??????? ??? ????? / ?. ?. ?????, ?. ?. ???????. ? 2-? ???. ? ???. : ?????, 2011. ? 688 ?. 4. ???? 15971-90 ??????? ????????? ??????????. ??????? ? ???????????. ? 12 ?. 5. ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? [??????????? ??????]. ? ????? ???????: http://www2.sscc.ru/Information/PagHist/Park%D0%A1%D0%A1.htm. (???? ?????????: 13.09.2016). 6. ????????? ?. ?. ??????????? ??????: ??????????, ????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? / ?. ?. ?????????. ? ???. : ????????????, 2010. ? 640 ?. 7. ??????? ? ??????????? ????????? ISO/IEC 2382-1 [??????????? ??????] / ???. ? ????. ?. ?. ??????. ? ????? ???????: http://www.morepc.ru/informatisation/iso2381-1.html?print#s01.03 (???????? https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/ru/#iso:std:iso-iec:2382:ed-1:v1:en) (???? ?????????: 13.09.2016). 8. PC 99. System Design Guide. A technical reference for designing PCs and peripherals for the Microsoft Windows family of operating systems. ? Intel Corp., Microsoft Corp., 1997. ? 662 ?. 9. ??????? ?. ????????? ???? [??????????? ??????] / ?. ???????. ? ????? ???????: https://www.colocat.ru/texts/bus.html (???? ????????? 13.09.2016). 10. ??????? ?. ?. ?????????????? ??????, ??????? ? ???? : ??????? / ?. ?. ???????, ?. ?. ??????????. ? 2-? ???. ? ?. : ?? Ф????????╗, 2007. ? 560 ?. 11. ???? ?. ?. Assembler : ??????? ??? ????? / ?. ?. ????. ? 2-? ???. ? ???. : ?????, 2007. ? 637 ?. 111 12. Dandamudi S. P. Introduction to Assembly language programming: Pentium and RISC processors / S. P. Dandamudi. ? 2nd ed. ? New York : Springer, 2004. ? 701 ?. 13. ?????? ?. ?. ??? ? ???????????? ??????????. ?????????? ??????????? : ??????? ??? ????. ?????????? ????. ????. ??????????? / ?. ?. ??????, ?. ?. ?????. ? ?. : ?? Ф????????╗, 2013. ? 224 ?. 14. ??????? ?. ?. ??????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? / ?. ?. ???????, ?. ?. ?????, ?. ?. ????? ; ??? ???. ?. ?. ????????. ? ?. : ????? ? ?????, 1999. ? 344 ?. 15. ????? ?. ?. ???????? ? ??????????? ???? : ???? ?????? / ?. ?. ?????. ? ? .: ??? ?????, 2010. ? 192 ?. 16. HPGL [??????????? ??????] // ?????????. ? ????? ???????: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPGL (???? ?????????: 13.09.2016). 112 ????????? ??????????? ??? ? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ???, ??????? ???????? ?? ???????????, ???????????????? ? ?????????? ???????????. ??????? ?????? (????. external storage) ? ??????, ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????-??????. ?????????????? ?????? (????. computer) ? ???????????? ??????????? ???????, ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????. ??? ???????, ? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? (????. driver) ? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????, ? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? (???????????? ???????) ???????? ?????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????, ???????? ?????????????, ??????????. ?????? ? ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????, ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????????? (????. interface) ? ???????????? ??????? ? ??????, ?????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ? (???) ????????. ??????????????? (????. microcontroller unit, MCU) ? ??????????, ??????????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????. ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ?????????, ???????? ??? ? (???) ???. ?????????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????????, ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ? ??????????? ? ?????????????????? ??????????. ??????? (????. monitor) ? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????, ??????????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????. ????????? (????. mainframe) ? ??? ?????????, ?????? ? ???????????? ??????, ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ? ????????, ? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????????, ???????????? ??? ??????????? ? ???????. ???????? ?????? (????. main storage) ? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????, ?????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????. 113 ???????????? ?????????? (????. peripheral device) ? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????????, ??????????????? ??? ????? ?/??? ?????? ?????????? ? ????????? ? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????. ???? (????. computer bus) ? ??????????? ?????????? ? ??? ??????????, ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????. ? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????????????, ????????????? ? ?????????? (???????????) ??????. ????????. ?????????????? ??????, ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????. ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????, ???????? +5 ? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ? +12 ? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???. ?????? ?? ???????? ? ???? ??????????????? ??????????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? (???? ? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? TL431 ? ???? ??, ???? ????????? ??????????????? 7805/7812 ?? ??????) ??? ?? (? ??????? ???????) ?? ?????????? ???? TOP Switch. ???????????????. ???????????? ??????????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????????????. ????? ?????????? ???????????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????????/ ???????? ???????? ??????????, ?????? ?? ?????????????????? ?????????? (TL494, UC3844, KA5800, SG6105 ? ??.). 87 ?????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????, ? ????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ????? (??????? ?? ????????, ? ?????, ??? ?????????????, ???????? ???? ?? ?????). ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????????. ???? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ? ?????? ???????
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